1、Designation: D6168 97 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forSelection of Minimum Set of Data Elements Required toIdentify Locations Chosen for Field Collection ofInformation to Describe Soil, Rock, and Their ContainedFluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6168; the number immediate
2、ly following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guid
3、e2covers factors to consider for the selectionof the minimum set of data elements required for the accuratelocation and cataloging of information collected for geologicalscience (geoscience) investigations, which includes geoecol-ogy.1.1.1 Geoscience investigations include soil surveys, foun-dation
4、investigations, geologic studies, hydrologic evaluations,environmental appraisals, contamination inquiries, archaeo-logical surveys, and other studies that involve the soil, rock,and contained fluids from the lands surface to any exploreddepth underground.1.2 A unique geoscience data location, on or
5、 below theearths surface, can be described by X, Y, and Z coordinatesand by that method establish the dimensional relationship todata of a similar nature. Additional location informationneeded depends upon the type of geoscience data collectionlocality.1.2.1 The basic type is a single position descr
6、ibed by finiteX, Y, and Z coordinates. The X, Y, and Z coordinates uniquelyposition the location on or below the earths surface.NOTE 1An example is the latitude and longitude in horizontalcoordinates and the altitude (or elevation) in vertical distance of aground-water location or site. Data collect
7、ed at the site, for example, waterlevels, are measured by the vertical interval as referenced to the altitude.1.2.2 Another type of location is described by finite X andY coordinates that has multiple vertically positioned Z coordi-nates. This is equivalent to the location type described in 1.2.1,ex
8、cept that multiple vertical dimensions are stated as Zcoordinates, rather than vertical intervals.NOTE 2An example is latitude, longitude, and multiple altitudes of asoil sampling location or site. Each altitude represents a different samplingposition that has the same latitude and longitude coordin
9、ate. The upperand lower limit of a sampling interval can be expressed by altitudes.1.2.3 Another type is a location described by finite X and Ycoordinates with multiple Z coordinates that are not verticallyoriented from X and Y coordinates.NOTE 3An example is a slanted borehole where the top is at a
10、different latitude and longitude coordinate than the sampling positions inthe hole. Methods of describing these sampling points are: treat eachposition as a separate location with finite latitude, longitude, and altitudevalues; describe the horizontal deviation of the sampling point from thefinite l
11、atitude and longitude coordinates at the top of the borehole.1.2.4 Another type is a location with considerable horizon-tal dimension that cannot be described by a finite X and Ycoordinate, however, a single Z coordinate may be acceptable.NOTE 4Examples are sinkholes, waste disposal pits, septic sys
12、tems,underground injection facilities, mines, archaeological sites, and someponds or lakes. These locations can be described by including additionalinformation that gives the horizontal components of the location alongwith the latitude, longitude, and altitude coordinates or by multiple sets ofX and
13、 Y coordinates that encompass the location.1.3 Additional key data elements are needed to simplify theidentification and cataloging of the geoscience data.1.3.1 These elements describe political entities, datasources, and individual characteristics of the location.NOTE 5The data assist in file organ
14、ization by placing the informationinto logical categories and to further identify the geoscience location byuse of familiar terminology. A carefully designed minimum set of dataelements contributes to the recoverability and the future value of the entiredata file.1.4 This standard does not purport t
15、o address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of in
16、formationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This guide cannot replace education or1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Cu
17、rrent edition approved July 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D616897(2004).DOI: 10.1520/D6168-97R10.2As defined by ASTMa guide is a series of options or instructions that do notrecommend a specific course of action. The purpose
18、of a guide is to offer guidance,based on a consensus of view-points, but not to establish a fixed procedure.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.experience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not a
19、ll aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessional service must be judged, nor should this guide beapplied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word
20、 “Standard” in the title of this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Conta
21、inedFluidsD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D2607 Classification of Peats, Mosses, Humus, and RelatedProducts4D3282 Practice for Classification of S
22、oils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D4220 Pract
23、ices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Test-ingD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in RockD5092 Practice
24、for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring WellsD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground Water Wells,Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and OtherDevices for Environmental ActivitiesD5408 Guide for Set o
25、f Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD5434 Guide for
26、Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water InvestigationsD5911 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Soil Sampling Site3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Except as listed or noted below, all defini-tions are in acc
27、ordance with Terminology D653. Additionaldefinitions are in References (1-17).5See Guide D420, Clas-sification D2487, Practice D2488, Classifications D2607 andD3282, Practices D3740, D4083, and D4220, ClassificationD4427, Guides D4448, D4700, and D4879, Practice D5092,and Guides D5299 and D5434.3.2
28、Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 altitudethe vertical distance, in feet (or metres), of alevel, a point, or an object considered as a point, above orbelow a reference datum surface, usually mean sea level. TheZ coordinate for geoscience locations. The term elevation hasbeen used
29、synonymously with altitude in some segments of thegeoscience discipline.3.2.2 geological scienceany of the subdisciplinary spe-cialties that are part of the science of geology; for example,geophysics, geochemistry, paleontology, petrology, etc. Theterm is commonly used in the plural (1).3.2.3 geosci
30、encea short form, sometimes used in theplural, denoting the collective disciplines of the geologicalsciences (1).3.2.4 geoscience locationa geographic area or singlepoint where geoscience data are collected and can be uniquelypositioned by X, Y, and Z coordinates at the location or somepoint within
31、the location.3.2.5 key data elementsas used in this guide, informationthat is essential for the accurate location and cataloging ofinformation collected for geoscience investigations.3.2.6 latitudethe coordinate representation that indicateslocations on the surface of the earth using the earths equa
32、toras the respective latitudinal origin. The X coordinate forgeoscience locations.3.2.7 longitudethe coordinate representation that indi-cates locations on the surface of the earth using the primemeridian (Greenwich, England) as the longitudinal origin. TheY coordinate for geoscience locations.4. Si
33、gnificance and Use4.1 Adequately documented geoscience data are beneficialto studies utilizing traditional and computer technology forconducting resource surveys and in analyzing environmentalconcerns.4.1.1 Geoscience data that include the standard coordinatespinpoint the location of the information
34、 on or below the earthssurface and by that establish the dimensional relationship todata of a similar nature (see 5.2).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
35、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.D6168 97 (2010)2NOTE 6Some investigations destroy th
36、e sample in the process. Assuch, the information cannot be duplicated by resampling. The data andthe original location of the tested sample may be the only remaining result.4.1.2 Geoscience data that include “key” information has anenhanced capability for acceptable verification, as each addi-tional
37、 data item strengthens the uniqueness for singular iden-tification.4.1.2.1 Key data categories included for unique identifica-tion of the geoscience information consist of political regimes,source of data, and location characteristics (see 5.3).4.2 Use of a standardized minimum set of data elements
38、byproject investigators increase the usefulness of the geoscienceinformation, in that the material can more easily be inter-changed.4.2.1 Data verification, essential in quality control, can bemore routine when geoscience locations are accurately identi-fied.4.2.2 Key items allow for ease of selecti
39、on by placing thegeoscience data into logical categories, such as counties,resource extraction locations, and source agencies.4.2.3 Data files organized by use of key data elements,whether stored in cabinets or a computer file, are less compli-cated to find.4.2.4 Geoscience data are usually collecte
40、d for an ongoingproject, however, the value is greatly increased when these dataare available for future studies.5. Documentation5.1 IntroductionThe list of “minimum set of data ele-ments” varies depending upon the type of geoscience informa-tion. The differences are in the sections “coordinates and
41、related data” and “individual location characteristics” (see Fig.1) (18-21).5.2 Coordinates and Related DataThis category allowsthe geoscience location to be positioned on the earths surfaceand subsurface by universally recognized coordinates andnumerical dimensions. Each coordinate system should be
42、identified and accompanied by a precision or accuracy value.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has guid-ance documents concerning their policy for locating data pointsor sites. Publication “Representation of Geographic PointLocations for Information Interchange,” FIPS PUB 70-1 con-tains
43、additional guidance (22-25) (See Practices D5254 andD5911).5.2.1 X-CoordinateUniversally latitude, however, mostcoordinate systems are convertible to latitude (See PracticesD5254 and D5911).5.2.2 Y-CoordinateUniversally longitude, however, mostcoordinate systems are convertible to longitude (See Pra
44、cticesD5254 and D5911).5.2.3 Z-CoordinateAltitude (elevation) or other systemthat can be related to mean sea level (See Practices D5254 andD5911).5.2.4 Horizontal DimensionsInformation required for ageoscience location that cannot be completely described by theX and Y coordinate position.5.2.4.1 Siz
45、e MeasurementsDistance, in feet or metres,from the X and Y coordinate position for length and width ofthe geoscience location.5.2.4.2 Offset AnglesAngle and bearing from the X and Ycoordinate position for slanted holes, outcrop slopes, mineexcavations, etc.5.3 Political Entities:NOTE 7Political enti
46、ties or regimes are established by a governmentalagency (national or local) for the purpose of regulating a land area.5.3.1 IntroductionA description of the governmental di-visions helps in the identification and organization of data forgeoscience locations. The divisions for the United States(below
47、 Federal) are state, county, and local. (18-21, 26-28)(See Practices D5254 and D5911).NOTE 8For countries other than the United States, present thedivisions needed for detailed identification.5.3.2 State or Equivalent:5.3.2.1 StateThis is the first political subdivision belowthe federal. These can b
48、e named provinces, districts, posses-sions, territories, or even counties.NOTE 9The country name may be required when the file of geo-science data are located in more than one nation.5.3.3 County or Equivalent:5.3.3.1 County or ParishIn the United States, this is thesubdivision below the state level
49、. In Alaska, this subdivision isborough or census area. Some states (Maryland, Missouri,Nevada, and Virginia) have independent cities.NOTE 10A local subdivision may be needed to adequately describethe geoscience location, such as city, town, village, municipality, town-ship, or borough.5.4 Source Identifiers:NOTE 11Source identifiers are information about a location or sitethat assists in describing the origin or ownership of the data.5.4.1 IntroductionEach data element contributes to theunique identity of the geoscience location, and also help
