1、Designation: D 6172 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contoursor Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator CompilationUsing Photogrammetric Procedures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6172; the number immediately following
2、 the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method cov
3、ers procedures concerning sitepreparation, technical procedures, quality control, and equip-ment to direct the efforts for determining volumes of bulkmaterial. These procedures include practical and acceptedmethods of volumetric determination.1.2 This test method allows for only two volume computa-t
4、ion methods.1.2.1 Contour Test MethodSee 8.1.1 and 9.1.1.2.2 Cross-Section Test MethodSee 8.1.2 and 9.21.2.3 This test method requires direct operator compilationfor both contours and cross-section development.1.2.4 The use of Digital Terrain Model software and proce-dures to create contours or cros
5、s sections for volume calcula-tion is NOT encompassed in this test method.NOTE 1A task group has been established to develop a test method forDigital Terrain Modeling (DTM) procedures. It will address all knowndata collection procedures such as conventional ground survey, photo-grammetry, geodetic p
6、ositioning satellite (GPS), and so forth.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is usedindependentl
7、y of the other. Combining values from the twosystems can result in nonconformance with the specification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
8、 health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 base mapa map showing the soil surface of a siteused for material storage including control monument locationsand values and surface elevat
9、ions.2.1.2 calibration forms/reportsequipment calibrationsperformed by federal agencies or equipment manufacturers.2.1.3 check panela target used for the sole purpose ofmarking a point on the surface of the stockpile whose value isused to verify the setup of the stereo model.2.1.4 check pointtargete
10、d points within the stockpile areafor the purpose of checking the accuracy of the photogramme-try. Elevations are established by ground surveying at thesepoints. Points should be evenly spaced at various differentelevations in the stockpile.2.1.5 ground controlsurveyor provided xyz values oftargets
11、or specific points near the project area necessary toscale and level the stereo model.2.1.6 monumenta ground control point used to be areference position of survey values.2.1.7 peripheral materialmaterial existing within the sitethat is above the recognized base and outside of the obviousstockpile p
12、erimeter.2.1.8 stereo modelthe overlapping area covered by twoadjacent aerial photographs used to create measurement obser-vation.2.1.9 stereo operatora person who is trained and compe-tent to make quality measurement observations from aerialphotographs, using a stereo instrument, for the purpose of
13、creating volume computations.2.1.10 stereo report forma formal document that displayspertinent information required to evaluate and reestablish thestereo model setup parameters.2.1.11 sweepsrepetitive traverse of a pile, by equipment,to create a cleaner geometric shape.2.1.12 targeta geometric shape
14、 of contrasting color usedto mark a ground feature such as a monument, or check pointthat otherwise would not be visible on the aerial photograph.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on PhysicalChara
15、cteristics of Coal.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallypublished approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1998 asD 617298e1.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.1.13 topograph
16、ic mapa drawing that uses contours todefine graphically the shape of a surface.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Contour Test MethodThe contour test method is thehorizontal slice method of determining volume. After creatinga new contour map of the pile, the cubic volume is computedby averaging the areas
17、of adjacent contours and multiplying bythe vertical distance between them. See 9.1.3.2 Cross-Section Test MethodThe cross-section testmethod is the vertical slice method of determining volume.Using elevations obtained in parallel lines across the surfaceand base of the pile the cubic volume is compu
18、ted by averagingthe areas of adjacent cross sections and multiplying by thehorizontal distance between them. See 9.2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method audits the volume of material in astockpile and is used with a density value to calculate a tonnagecalculation value used to compare the bo
19、ok value to thephysical inventory results. This test method is used to deter-mine the volume of coal or other materials in a stockpile.5. Required Preproject Setup Data5.1 The following information is required from the owner toconduct and evaluate the work effort properly:5.1.1 Geographic location,5
20、.1.2 Report completion date,5.1.3 Date, time, and preflight notification procedure,5.1.4 Size of overall stock area (length, width, height, andapproximate volume),5.1.5 Configuration (clean or rough),5.1.6 Type of base map (grid, flat, or contour),5.1.7 Number of piles and separate computations requ
21、ired,including the approximate number of surge piles and peripheralmaterial computations,5.1.8 The location of the pile in relation to cooling towersand stacks,5.1.9 The basic ground control configuration or who willestablish required control,5.1.10 The placement of control and check panels andrespo
22、nsibility for placement,5.1.11 The number of photographs, maps, and computationsrequired by the owner as the final report.6. Apparatus6.1 Aircraft, fixed wing equipped for aerial photographymissions and carrying a Code One Air Space Avionics.6.2 Aerial camera, first order, precision, cartographic ca
23、m-era for obtaining photography usable for mapping and havinga U.S. Geologic Survey calibration report date within the lastthree years.6.3 Stereo-plotting instrument, optic train analog, or ana-lytical instrument equipped with encoders and interfaced witha three-axis digitizer, computer collection w
24、ith storage capa-bility, having a certificate of calibration less than three yearsold, issued by a manufacturer trained technician. When thecross section is used, the instrument shall have an electronic ormechanical cross-section guide device that locks the operatoron specific cross sections.7. Cali
25、bration and Standardization7.1 Horizontal VarianceThe ground control point valueand its plotted location on the topographic map, used for thevolumetric determination, will be within 0.01 in. (0.002 54mm) at map scale of its true position.7.1.1 The horizontal placement of all planimetric featureson t
26、he manuscript, including the contour lines, will be asfollows: 90 % of all features will be placed to within 0.025 in.(0.635 mm) of their true position at the original map scale, andthe remaining 10 % will not exceed 0.05 in. (1.27 mm) of theirtrue position at the original map scale as determined by
27、 testsurveys.7.1.2 Test surveys to determine the horizontal map accuracyshall begin and end on one or more of the horizontal controlpoints used for the photo control.7.1.3 The quality of any horizontal control or test surveyline shall meet or exceed FGCC control standards for SecondOrder Class 2 sur
28、veys.7.1.4 The quality and procedures of all photogrammetryrelated operations shall be controlled as set forth in the Manualof American Society of Photogrammetry2and the Guidelinesfor Aerial Mapping3or their successors.7.2 Vertical VarianceThe vertical control is to be within0.1 ft (3.048 cm) of its
29、 true value.7.2.1 The vertical accuracy of all contours and spot eleva-tions shall be as follows: 90 % of all contours correct to within12 of a contour interval. The remaining 10 % are not to exceedone full contour interval. Ninety percent of all spot elevationsshall be correct to within14 of a cont
30、our interval and theremaining 10 % cannot exceed12 of a contour interval asdetermined by test surveys.7.2.2 Begin and end test surveys to determine the verticalmap accuracy on one or more of the vertical control points usedfor the photo control.7.2.3 The accuracy of any vertical ground control point
31、 ortest survey line shall meet or exceed FGCC control standardsfor Second Order Class 2 surveys.7.2.4 Check panel values are withheld, requiring the map-ping firm to provide elevations for these test panels. Beforeperforming, any stereo compilation of the check panels shallagree within 0.3 ft (9.144
32、 cm).7.2.5 The aerial camera has a calibration report from theUSGS Camera Calibration Laboratory that is current withinthree years of flight date. Calibration requirements are asfollows (the following are published in SI units only):7.2.5.1 Calibrated Focal Length153 6 3 mm.7.2.5.2 Radial Distortion
33、No reading shall exceed 10 um.One half of all readings shall be less than 6 um.7.2.5.3 Resolving PowerAverage weighted area resolu-tion (AWAR) shall not be less than 60 um.2Manual of American Society of Photogrammetry, 410 Governor Lane, Suite210B, Bethesda, MD 208142160.3Guidelines for Aerial Mappi
34、ng, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau ofHighways, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.D 6172 98 (2004)27.2.5.4 Magazine platen does not depart from a true planeby more than 13 m.7.2.5.5 Model FlatnessSpread shall not exceed 30 m(sum of the largest plus and minus readings) w
35、ith a maximumreading of 18 m at any one point.7.2.5.6 Black-and-white high-speed or color film shall beused.7.2.5.7 Filters commensurate with film types and atmo-spheric conditions are used.7.3 Stereo compilation instruments shall be recalibratedwithin three years of use and calibration forms provid
36、ed.7.4 Stereo model report forms shall be used to record thesetup parameters including the control point residuals beforecompilation and the model setup caliper readings necessary toreset the model. This will include before and after compilationanalysis. Include a copy of the model report form in th
37、e volumereport.7.5 Model setups shall be checked by a second qualifiedindividual before compilation. A second qualified individualshall check completed models before volume calculations.7.6 Minimum standards for photo-control point residualsshall be within 0.2 ft (6.096 cm) vertically and 0.5 ft (15
38、.24cm) horizontally. The SI values reflected are to correct conver-sion.8. Procedure8.1 Material and Site Preparation:8.1.1 Smooth all pile surfaces, separate all piles of differingmaterials, creating more uniform geometric shapes, to result inincreased precision of computed volumes. Smooth the pile
39、surface making directional sweeps parallel to the stockpilebaseline when using the cross-section test method.8.1.2 Compute and make part of the report peripheralmaterial volumes.8.1.3 Separate material of differing types with a line ofmaterial, of a contrasting color, unless the separation is avisib
40、le slope break.8.1.4 Outline foreign material contained within the stock-pile limits with a white line and notify the contractor.NOTE 2The use of a toe of slope delineation between stockpile andperipheral material is expedient and recommended since a stereo operatorcan precisely define it.8.1.5 Do n
41、ot mark stockpiles or photographs to show theseparation of materials having a definite grade break.8.1.6 Account for volumes for all hidden structures beneaththe stockpile surface that do not contain material, for example,piers, bunkers, and tunnels.8.1.7 Account for volumes in the materials handlin
42、g systemcontaining material not accounted for as burned, for example,conveyors, silos, hoppers, and bunkers.NOTE 3The recommended procedure for site and pile delineation is tocreate these lines, on a base drawing, using an area large enough to containoperating volumes, and then the use of controlled
43、 stocking procedures.8.2 Stockpile Base DeterminationObtain correct base in-formation. Establish a correct base throughout the stockpilelimits to minimize volume deviations caused by inaccuratebase data. Establish a maximum stockpile perimeter limit thatincludes all future expected expansions. Creat
44、e base elevationswithin the maximum pile limits. In that originally constructedbase surface elevations can change as a result of many factors,it is important to monitor base surfaces such as suggested inNote 5.8.2.1 Test Method 1Use elevations taken from points on agrid map or a contour map correct
45、within 3 in. (7.62 cm) andon the same horizontal and vertical datum as the control usedfor the mapping. Use this base data for all future inventories. Ifsuch data is not available, a postpile base can be compiledusing one of the test methods described in 8.2.2 or 8.2.3.8.2.2 Test Method 2Select an e
46、levation commensuratewith the average ground level (flat base) and use as a constantfor all future volume determinations.8.2.3 Test Method 3Use the toe of slope at the basearound the perimeter of the pile area creating an assumed base.Connect open-ended contours by a straight line to establish theba
47、se contours. Use this base for all future inventories exceptwhen the perimeter of the pile becomes larger, in which case,extend the expanded ends of the base contours to include theexpanded area.NOTE 4Since 8.2.2 and 8.2.3 are assumed procedures, the firstinventory using either test method can creat
48、e a difference from the actualvolume. All succeeding inventories using the same base will reflectrelative pile volumes.8.3 Observe potential base changes and notify the owner.NOTE 5Developing new base data or monitoring base in a stockpilecan be achieved by drilling and measuring areas under the pil
49、e and the useof ground surveys or aerial photography for exposed areas of the basearound the stockpile. In that stockpiles can settle into the base, periodicboring checks can be made to ascertain base stability. Rotate boringlocations, to achieve better random sampling of the base elevations, insubsequent inventories. Split spoon sampling procedures are consideredmore accurate for determining vertical locations than the small diameterauger procedure.8.3.1 Report any base undercutting observed during theinventory and recommend base map corrections.
