1、Designation: D 6177 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forDetermining Emission Profiles of Volatile OrganicChemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emis-sion profiles of volatile
3、organic chemicals (VOCs) frombedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into ahouse, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determinedfrom air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as
4、 in the case ofother household furnishings, usually are highest when theproducts are new. Procedures described in this practice also areapplicable to used bedding sets.1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi-volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.1.5 This practice
5、 summarizes procedures for sample selec-tion and handling. This practice also refers to pertinentsampling procedures and analytical methods for emissiontesting, but does not include technical details on selection ofappropriate collection media and analytical methods or onsampling and analytical equi
6、pment and associated procedures.1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used forestimating human exposures to VOCs.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
7、ppro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulating limitations prior to its use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Samplingand AnalysisD 3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activa
8、ted Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD5116 Guide for SmallScale Environmental ChamberDeterminations of Organic Emissions from IndoorMaterials/ProductsD 5157 Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Qual-ity ModelsD 5197 Standard Test Method for Determination of Form-aldehyde and Other Carbonyl Co
9、mpounds in Air (ActiveSampler Methodology)D 5466 Standard Test Method for Determination of VolatileOrganic Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister SamplingMethodology)D 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents and ThermalDesorptionAnalysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Com-pounds in AirE 355 Practice fo
10、r Gas Chromatography Terms and Rela-tionshipsE 1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Con-centrations inAir and Emission Rates from Wood ProductsUsing a Large Chamber3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions and terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions
11、 of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air change rate, nthe volume of outdoor air thatenters the indoor environment in one h, divided by the volumeof the indoor space.3.2.2 bedding set, nan ensemble that includes a mattressfor sleeping and a supporting box spring.3.2.3 emission profile, na times
12、eries of emission rates ofone or more chemicals.3.2.4 nonvolatile organic chemical, nan organic com-pound with saturation vapor pressure less than 108kPa at25C.3.2.5 semi-volatile chemical, nan organic compound withsaturation vapor pressure between 102and 108kPa at 25C.1This practice is under the ju
13、risdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Samplingand Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6177 - 97.2For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
15、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 shortterm exposure, nan exposure of one week orless in duration.3.2.7 volatile organic chemical, nan organic compoundwith saturation vapor pressure greater than 102kPa at 25C.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes procedures for determining VOC
16、emission profiles of a bedding set using an environmentalchamber.4.2 These procedures include selection and handling ofsamples, and conducting chamber emission tests (ResearchTriangle Institute, 1995)3. Details related to storage and trans-portation of samples are included in selection and handling.
17、Procedures for conducting chamber tests include selection oftest conditions and methods for collection and analysis of airsamples.4.3 The practice also describes procedures for estimatingemission profiles from the chamber concentration data.5. Significance and Use5.1 The objective of this practice i
18、s to provide proceduresfor estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets.These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalationexposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimatedinhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input tocharacterization of health risks from shor
19、tterm VOC expo-sures.5.2 The results of emissions testing for specific raw mate-rials and components, or processes used in manufacturingdifferent bedding sets, can be used to compare their relativeimpacts on airborne concentrations.6. Facilities and Equipment6.1 A facility to determine product or ma
20、terial emissionsrequires use of a roomsize environmental test chamber,typically larger than 22.6 m3. Emissions from components ofbedding sets can be characterized in small chambers ranging insize from a few liters to 5 m3. Chamber testing also requiresassociated equipment such as a cleanair generati
21、on system,monitoring and control systems, and sample collection andanalysis equipment (see Guide D5116 and Test MethodE 1333).7. Procedures for Sample Selection and Handling7.1 The procedures for sample selection and handling in-clude sample selection, packaging for shipping, and shipmentand storage
22、.7.2 Select bedding sets to be tested directly from theproduction line. Volume of production can be considered as acriterion in selecting the type(s) of bedding set to be tested. Usea random number table to avoid biases in selection.7.3 The selected bedding set(s) should be wrapped using themanufact
23、urers normal packaging materials and procedures.Further, to protect from damage during shipping, place thebedding sets in corrugated shipping containers.7.4 Upon receipt at the testing laboratory, remove thebedding from corrugated shipping containers, but do notremove the manufacturers normal packag
24、ing materials. In-spect for shipping damage and record the arrival condition. Toisolate the bedding sets from the surrounding laboratoryenvironment, place each bedding set wrapped in its normalpackaging (manufacturers shipping bag) in a larger outer bag,which has an inert surface.7.5 Maintain a chai
25、n of custody record to note dates, times,and operations performed (such as storage and transportation)for each bedding set.8. Procedures for Emissions Testing8.1 Volatile organic emissions from indoor sources such asbedding sets vary widely in the number of chemicals and thestrength of their emissio
26、ns. To characterize emissions fully, thesample collection and analysis system must be capable ofquantitative collection and analysis of volatile, polar, andnonpolar compounds. The design and operation of samplecollection and analysis systems must be appropriate for theorganic chemicals and their con
27、centrations. Such systemsinclude collection of samples using canister sampling method-ology (Test Method D 5466) or, more often, collection on solidadsorbent tubes (for example, Practice D 6196), and instru-ments to analyze organic emissions (for example, gas chro-matographs, see Practice E 355). De
28、termination of formalde-hyde and other aldehydes can be done by different methods(EPA Compendium, 1990).4One of these methods (TestMethod D 5197), which collects air samples on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)treated silica gel cartridgesfollowed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),is
29、preferred because of better sensitivity.8.2 The remainder of this section describes certain airsampling procedures related to emissions testing of beddingsets and briefly summarizes analytical methods. Technicaldetails on selection of appropriate collection media and ana-lytical methods, and on samp
30、ling and analytical equipment andassociated procedures, are provided in the references cited in8.1.8.3 Screening Samples:8.3.1 The purpose of the screening samples is to identifyvolatile organic chemicals and their relative concentrations, toaid in selecting sampling durations, collection media, and
31、laboratory analysis methods for conducting emissions testing.8.3.2 Collect air samples from the manufacturers shippingbags using sampling lines connected directly to samplingdevices.8.4 Background Samples:8.4.1 The following types of background samples are nec-essary:(1) background concentrations in
32、 the outer storage bag andthe laboratory atmosphere, and3Research Triangle Institute, “Final ReportPerformance of Testing in Supportof Research by the SPSC Indoor Air Quality Task Force,” RTI/5736/00-02RFR,Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1995.4Winberry, W.T., Forehand, L., Murphy, N.T., Ceroli
33、, B., and Evans, A.,“Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air(8EPACompendium),” EPA/600/4-90/010, U. S. Environmental ProtectionAgency,Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1990.D 6177 97 (2003)2(2) background concentrations in the chamber prior toinsertion of a beddin
34、g set for chamber testing.8.4.2 The background concentrations in the outer storagebag and the laboratory atmosphere are used to assess whetherthere is contamination from the laboratory environment.8.4.3 A chamber background sample is taken to quantifyany contributions of organic compounds from the c
35、lean airsystem or the empty chamber. Ideally, measured concentrationsfor such a sample should be at or below minimum detectionlimits. If not, the chamber background concentration can beused for correcting the chamber concentrations measured whena bedding set is placed in the chamber, as specified in
36、 8.6.8.5 Chamber Conditions and Sampling Locations:8.5.1 The chamber air should be well mixed: a mixing fanshould be used as necessary. The chamber temperature, humid-ity, and air change rate should be carefully controlled. At leastone test should be done at the base conditions recommended asfollows
37、:8.5.1.1 the base condition for temperature is 23 6 0.5C,8.5.1.2 the base condition for humidity is 50 6 5 %, and8.5.1.3 the base condition for the air change rate is 1.0 6 0.1h1. The air change rate can be reduced to 0.5 6 0.05 h1, butin that case the use of a mixing fan is especially recommended.8
38、.5.2 In addition to the base chamber conditions, it may beuseful to conduct the chamber testing at an elevated tempera-ture (for example, near the human body temperature) todetermine the effect of elevated temperature on emissions.8.5.3 Apreferred location for collection of air samples is theoutlet
39、air stream from the chamber. Alternatively, multiplesampling locations within the chamber may be used. Allsampling lines shall be made of inert materials, and the lengthof sampling lines should be minimized to limit deposition ofVOCs.8.6 Bedding Set Samples:8.6.1 Immediately prior to testing, remove
40、 the bedding setfrom the outer bag and the manufacturers packing bags andplace the bedding set in the center of the chamber. Place thebox spring on a stainless steel mattress frame, and the mattressover the box spring.8.6.2 Collect a minimum of four samples for VOC andaldehyde analysis at 4, 8, 16,
41、and 24 h after placing the beddingset in the chamber. Although previous testing indicates that thepeak concentration occurs around 4 h after the bedding set isplaced in the chamber (Research Triangle Institute, 1995),3there may be some uncertainties in this early sample.8.7 Analysis of Samples:8.7.1
42、 Analysis of volatile organic chemicalsVolatile or-ganic chemicals collected on solid adsorbent tubes are ther-mally desorbed (EPA Compendium, 1990)5and separated bygas chromatography (GC) and measured by a mass spectro-metric (MS) detector. For the samples collected in canisters,VOCs are concentrat
43、ed by collection in a suitable cryogeni-cally cooled or adsorbent trap, revolatilized by heating the trapand then determined by GCMS (see Test Method D 5466).Identification of unknown sample constituents is conductedusing electronic searches of mass spectral databases.8.7.2 Analysis of aldehydesDNPH
44、/aldehyde derivativeson silica gel cartridges are extracted by eluting with acetonitrileand analyzed by HPLC, using an ultraviolet absorption detec-tor (see Test Method D 5197).8.8 Quality Assurance/Quality Control8.8.1 Chamber testing of volatile organic chemicals frombedding sets should be conduct
45、ed within the framework of aquality assurance project plan (QAPP). The QAPP shouldinclude data quality objectives and acceptance criteria, custodyprocedures, quality control checks, and quality assuranceaudits.8.8.2 The data quality objectives should be defined in termsof precision, bias, completene
46、ss, and representativeness ofdata. Custody procedures should include procedures for safe-guarding samples from tampering or contamination and pro-cedures for prevention of data loss. Sample duplicates, spikes,and blanks should be included as quality control checks. In thecase of continuous analyzers
47、, quality control checks shouldinclude multipoint calibrations.8.8.3 Quality assurance audits should include performanceand system audits. Periodic performance audits should beconducted to verify that the total measurement system meetsthe data quality objectives. Periodic system audits shouldevaluat
48、e the conformance of the facilities and equipment,personnel training, procedures, record keeping, and data qual-ity with the QAPP.8.9 Calculations:8.9.1 The calculations associated with emissions testinginvolve the following:(1) determination of the air concentration for each collectedsample,(2) adj
49、ustment of bedding set sampling results for chamberbackground concentrations, and(3) estimation of the bedding set emission profile based onadjusted sampling results.8.9.2 Determination of Air ConcentrationThe air concen-tration for each sample is determined as follows:C 5 M/V (1)where:C = air concentration g/m3,M = mass collected in sample g, andV = air volume for sample m3.8.9.3 Adjustment of Chamber Air ConcentrationAir con-centrations measured when bedding sets are placed in thechamber shall be adjusted for chamber background (for anychemical f
