1、Designation: D6187 97 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forCone Penetrometer Technology Characterization ofPetroleum Contaminated Sites with Nitrogen Laser-InducedFluorescence1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the method for delineating thesu
3、bsurface presence of petroleum hydrocarbons and otherhydrocarbons using a fiber optic based nitrogen laser-inducedfluorescence sensor system.1.2 The petroleum hydrocarbon sensing scheme utilizes afluorescence technique in which a nitrogen laser emits pulsedultraviolet light. The laser, mounted on th
4、e cone penetrometerplatform, is linked via fiber optic cables to a window mountedon the side of a penetrometer probe. Laser energy emittedthrough the window causes fluorescence in adjacent contami-nated media. The fluorescent radiation is transmitted to thesurface via optical cables for real-time sp
5、ectral data acquisitionand spectral analysis on the platform.1.3 This sensor responds to any material that fluoresceswhen excited with ultraviolet wavelengths of light, largely thepolycyclic aromatic, aromatic, and substituted hydrocarbons,along with a few heterocyclic hydrocarbons. The excitationen
6、ergy will cause all encountered fluorophores to fluoresce,including some minerals and some non-petroleum organicmatter. However, because the sensor collects full spectralinformation, discrimination among the fluorophores may bedistinguished using the spectral features associated with thedata. Soil s
7、amples should be taken to verify recurring spectralsignatures to discriminate between fluorescing petroleum hy-drocarbons and naturally occurring fluorophores.1.4 This practice is used in conjunction with a cone pen-etrometer of the electronic type, described in Test MethodD5778.1.4.1 The direct pus
8、h LIF described in this practice canprovide accurate information on the characteristics of the soilsand contaminants encountered in the vadose zone and thesaturated zone, although it does not make a distinction betweendissolved and sorbed contamination in the saturated zone.1.5 This practice describ
9、es rapid, continuous, in-situ, real-time characterization of subsurface soil.1.6 Direct push LIF is limited to soils that can be penetratedwith the available equipment. The ability to penetrate strata isbased on carrying vehicle weight, density of soil, and consis-tency of soil. Penetration may be l
10、imited; or, damage to sensorscan occur in certain ground conditions.1.7 This practice does not address the installation of anytemporary or permanent soil, ground water, soil vapor moni-toring, or remediation devices; although, the devices describedmay be left in-situ for the purpose of on-going moni
11、toring.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.9 Direct push LIF environmental site characterization willoften involve safety planning, administration, and documenta-tion. This practice does not purport
12、to address the issues ofoperational or site safety.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
13、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3650 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils By Fluorescence AnalysisD4657 Test Method for Polynuclear Arom
14、atic Hydrocar-bons in Water3D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste Sites1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition app
15、roved July 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D618797(2003).DOI: 10.1520/D6187-97R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
16、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sta
17、tes.D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD5778 Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezo-cone Penetration Testing of SoilsD6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling forEnvironmental Site Characteri
18、zationD6067 Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Pen-etrometer Tests for Environmental Site CharacterizationE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE169 Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative AnalysisE275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performan
19、ceof Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE388 Test Method for Wavelength Accuracy and SpectralBandwidth of Fluorescence SpectrometersE578 Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence MeasuringSystemsE579 Test Method for Limit of Detection of Fluorescence ofQuinine Sulfate in SolutionE924 Guide fo
20、r Quality Assurance of Laboratories UsingMolecular Spectroscopy3E1614 Guide for Procedure for Measuring IonizingRadiation-Induced Attenuation in Silica-Based Optical Fi-bers and Cables for Use in Remote Fiber-Optic Spectros-copy andBroadband Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used withi
21、n this practice is inaccordance with Terminologies D653, D1129, and E131, andPractice D3415 with the addition of the following:3.1.1 calibrationthe process by which the relationship ofinstrumental response to changes in the nature and concentra-tion of reference materials is determined.3.1.2 Fluorop
22、horea material that produces, undergoes, orexhibits fluorescence.3.1.3 Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)the rapid emissionof light from an atom or molecule after it has absorbedradiation from collimated and polarized monochromatic lightsource.3.1.4 TPHtotal petroleum hydrocarbons.3.1.5 TRPHtotal reco
23、verable petroleum hydrocarbons.3.1.6 vadose zonethe hydrogeological region extendingfrom the soil surface to the top of the principal water table;commonly referred to as the “unsaturated zone” or “zone ofaeration”. However, these alternate names are inadequate asthey do not take into account locally
24、 saturated regions abovethe principal water table (for example, perched water zones).3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 in-situ testing devicesare sensors or samplers, usedfor obtaining mechanical or chemical test data, that aretypically pushed, rotated or driven from the surface or belowthe bottom of a borehole
25、 following completion of an incrementof drilling.3.2.2 push depththe depth below a ground surface towhich the tip of the direct push water sampling device haspenetrated.3.3 DefinitionsDefinitions in accordance with TestMethod D6067:3.3.1 cone penetrometera penetrometer in which the lead-ing end of t
26、he penetrometer tip is a conical point designed forpenetrating soil and for measuring the end-bearing componentof penetration resistance.3.3.2 electronic cone penetrometera friction cone pen-etrometer that uses force transducers, such as strain gauge loadcells, built into a non-telescoping penetrome
27、ter tip for measur-ing, within the penetrometer tip, the components of penetrationresistance.3.3.3 penetrometeran apparatus consisting of a series ofcylindrical push rods with a terminal body (end section), calledthe penetrometer tip, and measuring devices for determinationof the components of penet
28、ration resistance.3.3.4 penetrometer tipthe terminal body (end section) ofthe penetrometer which contains the active elements that sensethe components of penetration resistance. The penetrometer tipmay include additional electronic instrumentation for signalconditioning and amplification.3.3.5 push
29、rodsthe thick-walled tubes or rods used toadvance the penetrometer tip.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice is based on a cone penetrometer deployedfiber optic-based, nitrogen laser-induced fluorescence sensorsystem. It is an in situ field screening technique for character-izing the subsurface di
30、stribution. This practice is not a replace-ment for these traditional methods; but is a means of reducingthe number of borings and wells required to achieve sitecharacterization. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 24.2 This practice provides semi-quantitative data on thesubsurface distribution of POL products from
31、 the fluorescenceresponse induced in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarboncompounds that are components of petroleum products. Itmakes use of a laser excitation source that targets polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons with three or more fused aromatic ringsand detects them in the bulk soil matrix throughou
32、t the vadose,capillary fringe, and saturated zones. When the sensor is usedin conjunction with an industry-standard 20 ton penetrometerpush vehicle and subsurface conditions are favorable, measure-ments have been made to depths greater than 150 ft (45.7 m).The depth of push is influenced by many geo
33、logical factors(that is, properties of soil) and may vary widely from site tosite.4.3 The spectral data provides a means of confirming thatobserved fluorescence events are consistent with the spectrafrom known petroleum products. It provides a field screeningcapability that is proportional to contam
34、ination concentrationand relative to a specified detection limit derived for a specificfuel product on a site specific soil matrix.4.4 Although under ideal conditions detection limits are inthe ppm range, the same contaminant in various matrices willhave different levels of detection due to the infl
35、uences of thesematrices.5. Significance and Use5.1 Direct push LIF is used for site investigations where thedelineation of petroleum hydrocarbons and other fluorophoresis necessary. Generic terms for these investigations are siteD6187 97 (2010)2assessments and hazardous waste site investigations. Co
36、ntinu-ous LIF is used to provide information on the relative amountsof contamination and to provide a lithological detail of thesubsurface strata. These investigations are frequently requiredin the characterization of hazardous waste sites.5.2 This technology provides preliminary results withinminut
37、es following the completion of each test. This allows thenumber, locations, and depths of subsequent tests to beadjusted in the field. Field adjustment may increase theefficiency of the investigation program.5.3 The rapid fluorescence data gathering provided by directpush LIF provides information ne
38、cessary to assess the presenceof contamination in soils and associated pore fluids in the field.This method allows for immediate determination of relativeamounts of contamination. This allows the number, locations,and depths of subsequent activities to be adjusted in the field.Field adjustment may i
39、ncrease the efficiency of the investiga-tion program.5.4 With appropriate sensors, the direct-push investigationprogram can provide information on soil stratigraphy and thedistribution of petroleum and other fluorophores in the subsur-face. This method results in minimum site disturbance andgenerate
40、s no cuttings that might require disposal (1).45.5 This practice is confirmed using soil samples collectedat given depths to confirm the fluorescence readings using afield deployed EPA Method 418.1 (2), EPA method 8015-modified, and a modified EPA 8270 Method (3), or equivalent4The boldface numbers
41、given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.FIG. 1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant SensorD6187 97 (2010)3methodologies, as compared to the fluorescence reading fromthe same depth from the sensor to verify that the fluorescencecorrelates with the
42、contamination. The collected samples arealso tested on the probe window in the truck to ensure thesample collected is representative of the region tested in situ.5.6 This practice may not be the correct method for prelimi-nary or supplemental investigations in all cases. Chemical andphysical propert
43、ies of site specific soil matrices may have aneffect on site specific detection limits. Subsurface conditionsaffect the performance of the equipment and methods associ-ated with the direct push method. Direct push methods are noteffective in pushing in solid bedrock and are marginallyeffective in pu
44、shing in weathered formations. Dense gravellytills where boulders and cobbles are present, stiff and hardFIG. 2 Typical Panel Plot for POL and Geophysical SensorsD6187 97 (2010)4clays, and cemented soil zones may cause refusal and potentialprobe breakage. Certain cohesive soils, depending on theirmo
45、isture content, can create friction on the cone penetrometerprobes which can eventually equal or exceed the static reactionforce and/or the impact energy being applied.As with all directpush methods, precautions must be taken to prevent crosscontamination of aquifers through migration of contaminant
46、sup or down the cone penetrometer hole.5.7 The practicing of direct push techniques may be con-trolled by various government regulations governing subsur-face explorations. Certification or licensing regulations, orboth, may in some cases be considered in establishing perfor-mance criteria. For addi
47、tional information see (4-15)6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralThe main components of the LIF sensor arethe laser, fiber optic cables, the fluorescence detection system,and the computer system. The nitrogen laser emits light of aknown wavelength (337 nm) and passes it along a fiber opticcable. The laser light
48、then is dispersed into the soil through awindow mounted on the terminal end of a cone penetrometerprobe. Induced fluorescence from the soil returns to thefluorescence detector along a second fiber optic cable. Adetector (that is, photodiode array, charged coupled device) andsignal processor (that is
49、, optical multichannel analyzer) areused as the fluorescence detector and the data are processed bya computer system.6.1.1 Most apparatus required is discussed in Test MethodD5778 and Guide D6067.6.2 LaserLaser radiation excitation is produced by apulsed nitrogen laser. The emitted laser radiation is focusedthrough a lens and directed into the excitation fiber.6.3 Fiber Optic Cables, should be capable of transmittingUV light at 337 nm. Maximum attenuation of the fiber opticcables should be 10 dB/km at approximately 820 nm. Both theexcitation fiber and the return
