1、Designation: D 6198 07Standard Guide forTransport Packaging Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packagingfor distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage,and transportation.1.2 The principal content
3、of this guide is the identificationof the key steps involved in development of transport pack-ages, including shipping containers, interior protective pack-aging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage andapplication to individual design projects may vary appreciablywithout diminishing t
4、he value of the process. Consult with apackaging professional whenever needed.1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary pack-aging unless the primary package is planned for use as ashipping container.1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rulesregarding packaging for ship
5、ment via each mode of transpor-tation in which the transport package may move, such as theNational Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) andthe Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardousmaterials packaging, the packaging must perform to the re-quirements of the applicable
6、modal regulations listed in Sec-tion 2.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
7、imitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers, Components, and UnitLoadsD 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Envir
8、on-mentsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainersD 1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, andReinforcing Fiberboard BoxesD 3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility ofProducts, Using Shock MachinesD 3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion)Test of P
9、roductsD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing ofShipping ContainersD 4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials Packag-
10、ingsD 5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallD 5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Con-tainers by Shock MachinesD 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of UnitizedLoads an
11、d Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to TransportPackagesD 6537 Practice for Instrumented Package Shock TestingFor Determination of Package PerformanceD 6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of HighAltitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method2.2 ISO
12、Standard:ISO 4180 Complete Filled Transport PackagesGeneralRules for the Compilation of Performance Test Schedules32.3 Other Documents:National Motor Freight Classification4Uniform Freight Classification, Rail Publication Service51This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packagin
13、g andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystemspplication of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6198 01e1.2For referenced ASTM standa
14、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor,
15、New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 2200Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.5Available from Railinc, 7001 Weston Pkwy, Suite 200, Cary, NC 27513.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
16、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.International Civil Aviation Organization Technical In-structions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods byAir6IMDG Code, International Maritime Dangerous GoodsCode7IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations8United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 49,
17、Trans-portation (CFR-49)9International Safe Transit Association Procedures103. Terminology3.1 Definitions General definitions for packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 interior protective packagingpackaging mate
18、rials orforms used within shipping containers to protect contents fromdamage in distribution by cushioning, bracing, spacing fromcontainer walls, preventing abrasion, filling voids, and so forth.3.2.2 transport packagingpackaging for containment andprotection of goods during handling, storage, and t
19、ransporta-tion in the physical distribution process. The scope of transportpackaging includes all of industrial packaging as well as theshipping containers, interior protective packaging and unitizingrequired for consumer packages.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide assists users in design and dev
20、elopment ofpackaging intended for the protection of goods while they arein transit from point of origin to final destination. By followingall steps of this guide, users will be assured that the mostimportant factors are included in package design. In somecases, the sequence of steps may be changed,
21、and often thesteps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activi-ties.4.2 The design process focuses on protection from hazardsof handling, storage, and shipping while recognizing theeconomics of all other facets of distribution, including pack-aging materials and labor, and transportation.4.
22、3 In transport packaging, distribution is generally definedas inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.5. Procedure5.1 Introduction:5.1.1 Although no single procedure can be expected to meetall requirements for all design options, there are general areasof information that are nece
23、ssary for the design process to bemost useful. The more information in each of these areas thatcan be obtained accurately, the greater the probability ofoptimizing the final design for cost performance utility, time-liness, and environmental considerations. Other interestedparties, such as customers
24、 or end users, should be contacted forany specific package design criteria.5.1.2 The following sequence, listed in 5.2-5.12, may notalways be applicable to every design process and may bechanged to fit particular circumstances, products, markets,distribution methods, etc. Environmental hazards prese
25、nted bythe distribution environment (see 5.4) may be known longbefore a new product (see 5.2) is fully designed or ready fordistribution (see 5.3). Such knowledge can in fact contribute tothe design of the product to ultimately reduce the amount ofpackaging that will eventually be required. The user
26、 of thisguide is encouraged to examine each particular situation anddecide the best order in which to proceed, without omitting anyof the basic steps that follow.5.2 Identify Physical Characteristics of the PackageContentsIt is important to know more about the packagecontents (goods) than simply its
27、 dimensions and weight. Thepackage designer must be aware of physical and chemicalcharacteristics and hazardous properties so proper packagingcan be developed. These include: susceptibility to abrasion,corrosion, temperature, static electricity, or magnetic fields; theability to hold a load in compr
28、ession, the contents ability towithstand the effects of shock and vibration during distribution,and intended shelf life. See Test Methods D 3332 and D 3580for methods of determining shock and vibration fragility ofproducts.5.3 Determine Marketing and Distribution Requirements:5.3.1 Package design mu
29、st include consideration of market-ing and distribution requisites in addition to product character-istics. These requirements, in many cases, take the form ofmarketing graphics, product identification, and compliancelabeling.5.3.1.1 Compliance labeling can also take many forms.Some items to conside
30、r are identification of country of origin,hazardous materials transportation regulations, Truth in Pack-aging requirements, and bar coding. Besides the actual printedgraphics, one may want to consider proper substrate forprinting and any required coatings.5.3.1.2 Distribution requirements can likewi
31、se take on manyforms of consideration including: the number of units that willship in a container; the composition and attributes of theprimary package; the identity of customers and their handlingand storage requirements; the package disposal criteria; totalvolume expected per shift/day/year; expec
32、ted life cycle; theplanned modes of transport; domestic and international rules orregulations for packaging via those transport modes; types ofdistribution channels; maximizing loads in carrier vehicles;freight classification; handling and storage requirements; pro-duction equipment; environmental i
33、ssues; etc.5.3.1.3 This listing is not all inclusive and other consider-ations than these also may be important to the total packagedesign.5.4 Identify Environmental Hazards Your Packages MayEncounterKnowledge of the distribution environment is keyto designing an optimum transport package. Major haz
34、ards tobe expected in the environment are: rough handling; vibration6Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 Univer-sity St., Montreal, Quebec, H3C 5H7, Canada.7Available from International Marine Organization, 4 Albert Embankment,London, Ontario 5E1 7SR Canada.8Availabl
35、e from International Air Transport Association (IATA), CustomerService Rep., 800 Place Victoria, P.O. Box 113, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1M1.9Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1
36、0Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 AbbottRoad, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 48823-1900.D6198072and shock in-transit; compression in storage or in-transit; highhumidity and water; atmospheric pressure; salt/corrosion; staticelectricity; temperature extremes; pilferage;
37、 insect infestation;and concentrated impact forces. Identifying these hazards andquantifying them may include observation, conducting mea-surements, or reading research reports (see the references listedin Practice D 4169).5.5 Consider All Available Alternatives:5.5.1 There are many alternatives ava
38、ilable for shippingcontainers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. Allshould be considered and reviewed before selecting the finaltypes for further development. Trade-off comparison analysistechniques often help in the selection process. Rather thanconsidering only materials that one has
39、experience with,comparing paper versus plastic versus wood versus metal is agood exercise at times to assure the optimum solution for aparticular project.5.5.2 Three major factors influencing selection of alterna-tives are: package performance, total system cost, and envi-ronmental impact of materia
40、ls.5.5.2.1 The final package design will also have a significantimpact on overall distribution costs. It will influence materialscosts, labor costs, capital requirements, overhead allocations,handling costs, freight and transportation costs, damage costs,and those costs and issues involved with the
41、eventual disposalof the package components.5.5.2.2 The overall environmental impact of a design maybe quite difficult to quantify. Factors such as broad access torecycling systems or markets will have significant impact onthis issue. One commonly used approach to dealing withenvironmental impact for
42、 broadly distributed goods has been touse a design approach prioritizing the common concerns ofReduce, Reuse, Recycle, Energy Recovery, and Safe Disposal.For packages developed for products having focused marketsin specific locations, it may be more beneficial to emphasize asingle element of the pre
43、ceding concerns (that is, returnablepackaging for products sold only locally, and so forth). Thedesign approach could also be altered to either increaseenvironmental efficiency or comply with appropriate regula-tions, legislation, or organization policies.5.5.2.3 One means of evaluating the overall
44、effectiveness ofa package design is to benchmark or compare it to designs fromcompetitors for like products or to designs from companies ororganizations recognized for packaging excellence. Often suchcomparisons can help confirm original design assumptions(required performance levels, acceptable cos
45、ts, and so forth)and can provide an additional level of confidence for a newdesign. If a benchmarking effort indicates the design is notwithin the original design assumptions, a design review mightbe in order.5.6 Design the Transport Package:5.6.1 After basic materials and information are establishe
46、din the previous steps, the designer can then systematicallydevelop a transport package, and unit load where appropriate.Each component of the transport package is analyzed forstrength and other required properties and compared to tech-nical data available from suppliers. Some packaging materialshav
47、e good design data available, but most do not. Designersfrequently rely on experience to reach a successful solution,but others may find that lack of information makes it difficultto arrive at an optimum solution. Such lack of information mayrequire that the designer approach the supplier or supplie
48、rsinvolved to request that they take whatever steps are necessaryto provide the information needed. If this approach is notfeasible, third-party laboratories, consultants, or academicinstitutions may be an alternative resource.5.6.2 Evaluation and improvement of package design can beshortened by con
49、ducting engineering tests in package devel-opment. Most helpful in the design process is the establishmentof test requirements prior to finalizing for sample making. Testssuch as impact, vibration, and compression not only identifyshortcomings in design, but also help to fine-tune to anoptimum solution for anticipated hazards. Test Methods D 642,D 880, D 999, D 4003, D 4728, D 5276, D 5487, D 6055,D 6179, D 6344, and D 6653 are frequently utilized for thispurpose. (See Section 2 for these test methods.)5.6.3 An additional benefit of engineering tests duringpackage developme
