1、Designation: D6198 12D6198 18Standard Guide forTransport Packaging Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage, andtransportation.1.2 The principal co
3、ntent of this guide is the identification of the key steps involved in development of transport packages,including shipping containers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage and application toindividual design projects may vary appreciably without diminish
4、ing the value of the process. Consult with a packagingprofessional whenever needed.1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary packaging unless the primary package is planned for use as a shippingcontainer.1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules regarding packaging for
5、 shipment via each mode of transportationin which the transport package may move, such as the National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and the UniformFreight Classification (railroad). For hazardous materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the requirements of theapplicab
6、le modal regulations listed in Section 2.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
7、applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby
8、the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit LoadsD880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and SystemsD996 Te
9、rminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD1974D1974/D1974M Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard BoxesD3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of Products, Using Shock MachinesD3580 Test
10、Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of ProductsD4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD
11、4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods) PackagingsD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free FallD5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock MachinesD5639/D5639M Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and Box Constru
12、ction Based on PerformanceRequirements1 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and Systems- Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012March 1, 2018. Publi
13、shed November 2012April 2018. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20072012as D6198 07.D6198 12. DOI: 10.1520/D6198-12.10.1520/D6198-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
14、f ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technical
15、ly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Pack
17、agesD6537 Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination of Package PerformanceD6653D6653/D6653M Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum MethodD6804 Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated BoxesD7030 Test Method for Short Term Cree
18、p Performance of Corrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Constant Load Using aCompression Test MachineD7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery SystemsD7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid HazardousM
19、aterials (Dangerous Goods)D7660 Guide for Conducting Internal Pressure Tests on United Nations (UN) Packagings2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 4180 Complete Filled Transport PackagesGeneral Rules for the Compilation of Performance Test Schedules32.3 Military Document:4MIL-HDBK-304 Package Cushioning Design2.4 O
20、ther Documents:National Motor Freight Classification5Uniform Freight Classification, Rail Publication Service6International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air7IMDG Code, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code8IATA Dangerous Goods
21、Regulations9United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Transportation (CFR-49)10International Safe Transit Association Procedures11Fibre Box Handbook12Package Cushioning Design43. Terminology3.1 Definitions General definitions for packaging and distribution environments are found in Termino
22、logy D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 interior protective packagingpackaging materials or forms used within shipping containers to protect contents fromdamage in distribution by cushioning, bracing, spacing from container walls, preventing abrasion, filling voids, and so
23、 forth.3.2.2 transport packagingpackaging for containment and protection of goods during handling, storage, and transportation inthe physical distribution process. The scope of transport packaging includes all of industrial packaging as well as the shippingcontainers, interior protective packaging a
24、nd unitizing required for consumer packages.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide assists users in design and development of packaging intended for the protection of goods while they are in transitfrom point of origin to final destination. By following all steps of this guide, users will be assured
25、that the most important factorsare included in package design. In some cases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often the steps may occur simultaneouslywith concurrent work activities.4.2 The design process focuses on protection from hazards of handling, storage, and shipping while recognizi
26、ng the economicsof all other facets of distribution, including packaging materials and labor, and transportation.4.3 In transport packaging, distribution is generally defined as inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.5. Procedure5.1 Introduction:3 Available from American National
27、 Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from Standardization Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094; http:/quicksearch.dla.mil/.5 Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 10
28、01 North Fairfax St., Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.6 Available from Railinc, 7001 Weston Pkwy, Suite 200, Cary, NC 27513.7 Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 University St., Montreal, Quebec, H3C 5H7, Canada.8 Available from International Mar
29、ine Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London, Ontario 5E1 7SR Canada.9 Available from International Air Transport Association (IATA), Customer Service Rep., 800 Place Victoria, P.O. Box 113, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1M1.10 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732
30、N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.11 Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 Abbott Road, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 48823-1900. 48823-1900, http:/www.ista.org.12 Available from the Fibre Box Association, 500 Park Boulevard
31、, Suite 985, Itasca, IL, 60143; http:/www.fibrebox.org.D6198 1825.1.1 Although no single procedure can be expected to meet all requirements for all design options, there are general areas ofinformation that are necessary for the design process to be most useful. The more information in each of these
32、 areas that can beobtained accurately, the greater the probability of optimizing the final design for cost performance utility, timeliness, andenvironmental considerations. Other interested parties, such as customers or end users, should be contacted for any specificpackage design criteria.5.1.2 The
33、 following sequence, listed in 5.2 5.12, may not always be applicable to every design process and may be changedto fit particular circumstances, products, markets, distribution methods, etc. Environmental hazards presented by the distributionenvironment (see 5.4) may be known long before a new produ
34、ct (see 5.2) is fully designed or ready for distribution (see 5.3). Suchknowledge can in fact contribute to the design of the product to ultimately reduce the amount of packaging that will eventuallybe required.The user of this guide is encouraged to examine each particular situation and decide the
35、best order in which to proceed,without omitting any of the basic steps that follow.5.2 Identify Physical Characteristics of the Package ContentsIt is important to know more about the package contents (goods)than simply its dimensions and weight. The package designer must be aware of physical and che
36、mical characteristics andhazardous properties so proper packaging can be developed.These include: susceptibility to abrasion, corrosion, temperature, staticelectricity, or magnetic fields; the ability to hold a load in compression, the contents ability to withstand the effects of shock andvibration
37、during distribution, and intended shelf life. See Test Methods D3332 and D3580 for methods of determining shock andvibration fragility of products.5.3 Determine Marketing and Distribution Requirements:5.3.1 Package design must include consideration of marketing and distribution requisites in additio
38、n to product characteristics.These requirements, in many cases, take the form of marketing graphics, product identification, and compliance labeling.5.3.1.1 Compliance labeling can also take many forms. Some items to consider are identification of country of origin, hazardousmaterials transportation
39、 regulations,Truth in Packaging requirements, and bar coding. Besides the actual printed graphics, one maywant to consider proper substrate for printing and any required coatings.5.3.1.2 Distribution requirements can likewise take on many forms of consideration including: the number of units that wi
40、ll shipin a container; the composition and attributes of the primary package; the identity of customers and their handling and storagerequirements; the package disposal criteria; total volume expected per shift/day/year; expected life cycle; the planned modes oftransport; domestic and international
41、rules or regulations for packaging via those transport modes; types of distribution channels;maximizing loads in carrier vehicles; freight classification; handling and storage requirements; production equipment; environ-mental issues; etc.5.3.1.3 This listing is not all inclusive and other considera
42、tions than these also may be important to the total package design.5.4 Identify Environmental Hazards Your Packages May EncounterKnowledge of the distribution environment is key todesigning an optimum transport package. Major hazards to be expected in the environment are: rough handling; vibration a
43、ndshock in-transit; compression in storage or in-transit; high humidity and water; atmospheric pressure; salt/corrosion; staticelectricity; temperature extremes; pilferage; insect infestation; and concentrated impact forces. Identifying these hazards andquantifying them may include observation, cond
44、ucting measurements, or reading research reports (see the references listed inPractice D4169).5.5 Consider All Available Alternatives : Alternatives:5.5.1 There are many alternatives available for shipping containers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. All should beconsidered and reviewe
45、d before selecting the final types for further development. Trade-off comparison analysis techniques oftenhelp in the selection process. Rather than considering only materials that one has experience with, comparing paper versus plasticversus wood versus metal is a good exercise at times to assure t
46、he optimum solution for a particular project.5.5.2 Three major factors influencing selection of alternatives are: package performance, total system cost, and environmentalimpact of materials.5.5.2.1 The final package design will also have a significant impact on overall distribution costs. It will i
47、nfluence materials costs,labor costs, capital requirements, overhead allocations, handling costs, freight and transportation costs, damage costs, and thosecosts and issues involved with the eventual disposal of the package components.5.5.2.2 The overall environmental impact of a design may be quite
48、difficult to quantify. Factors such as broad access to recyclingsystems or markets will have significant impact on this issue. One commonly used approach to dealing with environmental impactfor broadly distributed goods has been to use a design approach prioritizing the common concerns of Reduce, Re
49、use, Recycle,Energy Recovery, and Safe Disposal. For packages developed for products having focused markets in specific locations, it maybe more beneficial to emphasize a single element of the preceding concerns (that is, returnable packaging for products sold onlylocally, and so forth). The design approach could also be altered to either increase environmental efficiency or comply withappropriate regulations, legislation, or organization policies.5.5.2.3 One means of evaluating the overall effectiveness of a package design is to benchmark or compare it to designs
