1、Designation: D6224 09Standard Practice forIn-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil for Auxiliary PowerPlant Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6224; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONA more systematic approach to monitoring auxiliary power plant equipment can help to minimizethe high cost of oi
3、l changes and unplanned shutdowns. These avoided costs must be balanced againstthe cost of sampling and laboratory testing.This practice is designed to help the user plan and implement a meaningful, cost-effective programof sampling and testing of oils in use. Also covered are some important aspects
4、 of interpretation ofresults and suggested action steps so as to maximize service life of the oil and equipment.This practice is designed to help the user evaluate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycleby carrying out a meaningful program of sampling and testing of oils in use. This p
5、ractice is performedin order to collect data and monitor trends which suggest any signs of lubricant deterioration and toensure a safe, reliable and cost-effective operation of the monitored plant equipment.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effectivemonitoring of mineral oil
6、and phosphate ester fluid lubricatingoils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used forpower generation.Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears,hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, andelectrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes samplingand testing schedules and r
7、ecommended action steps, as well asinformation on how oils degrade.NOTE 1Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but arenot addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fractionof the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturerto determine re
8、commended monitoring practices.1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricat-ing oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended tocomplement Practice D4378.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandar
9、d.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
10、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD96 Test Methods for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil byCentrifuge Method (Field Procedure)3D257 Test Methods for D
11、C Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating MaterialsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics ofI
12、nhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating OilsD943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhib-ited Mineral OilsD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator
13、Titration1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.C0.01on Turbine Oil Monitoring, Problems and Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in
14、1998. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D622402. DOI:10.1520/D6224-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
15、the ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) ofElectrical Insulating LiquidsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or
16、API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1401 Test Method for Water Separability of PetroleumOils and Synthetic FluidsD1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fi
17、scher TitrationD1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Productsby Karl Fischer Reagent3D2272 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Tur-bine Oils by Rotating Pressure VesselD2273 Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating OilsD2422 Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Vi
18、s-cosity SystemD2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil byInfrared AbsorptionD2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Prod-ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid TitrationD2982 Test Methods for Detecting Glycol-Base Antifreezein
19、 Used Lubricating OilsD3427 Test Method forAir Release Properties of PetroleumOilsD3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petrol
20、eum andPetroleum ProductsD4378 Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Tur-bine Oils for Steam and Gas TurbinesD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in
21、 Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D6971 Test Method for Measurement of Hindered Phenolicand Aromatic Amine Antioxidant Content in Non-zincTurbine Oils by Linear Sweep VoltammetryD7155 Practice
22、 for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures ofTurbine Lubricating OilsE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO FDIS 4406.2 Hydraulic Fluid Power FluidsCode forDefining the Level of Contamination of Solid Particles,19993. Significance an
23、d Use3.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularlypower plant operators, maintain effective control over theirmineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program.This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oilcondition and test results rather than on the basis of se
24、rvicetime or calendar time. It is intended to save operating andmaintenance expenses.3.2 This practice is also intended to help users monitor thecondition of mineral lubricating oils and guard against exces-sive component wear, oil degradation, or contamination,thereby minimizing the potential of ca
25、tastrophic machineproblems that are more likely to occur in the absence of suchan oil condition monitoring program.3.3 This practice does not necessarily reference all of thecurrent oil testing technologies and is not meant to preclude theuse of alternative instrumentation or test methods whichprovi
26、de meaningful or trendable test data, or both. Some oiltesting devices and sensors (typically used for screening oilswhich will be tested according to standard methods) providetrendable indicators which correlate to water, particulates, andother contaminants but do not directly measure these.3.4 Thi
27、s practice is intended for mineral type of oil prod-ucts, and not for synthetic type of products, with the exceptionof phosphate esters fluids used typically in power plant controlsystems.4. General Properties of Lubricating Oils4.1 In general, lubricating oils are designed to reducefriction and wea
28、r, provide cooling, control deposits, andcombat the effects of contamination. A base oils lubricatingproperties are enhanced by selected additives. Different ma-chines have different lubricant additive requirements, some ofwhich are described in this section. Proper lubrication mini-mizes or preclud
29、es contact between metal surfaces and reducescomponent wear.4.2 Gear OilsThe primary requirement of gear oils is thatthey prevent wear and minimize other forms of damage such aspitting and scuffing by maintaining a lubricant film between themoving surfaces.4.3 Hydraulic OilsA hydraulic fluid is requ
30、ired to trans-mit hydraulic pressure and energy, minimize friction and wearin pumps, valves and cylinders, and protect metal surfacesagainst corrosion. To obtain optimum efficiency of machineoperation and control, the viscosity of the oil should be lowenough to minimize frictional and pressure losse
31、s in piping.However, it also is necessary to have a sufficiently highviscosity to provide satisfactory wear protection and minimizeleakage of the fluid. High-viscosity index fluids help tomaintain a satisfactory viscosity over a wide temperaturerange. The anti-wear properties of high-quality hydraul
32、ic oilsusually are improved by suitable additives. Since the clear-ances in pumps and valves tend to be critical, it is important toprovide adequate filtration equipment (full flow or bypass, orboth) to maintain a minimum particle content and thus mini-mize wear. The antioxidant additives in the hyd
33、raulic oilshould give the oil good oxidation stability to avoid theformation of insoluble gums or sludges; the oil should have4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.D6224 092goo
34、d water separation properties, and, because air may beentrained in the system, the oil should have good air-releaseproperties and resistance to foaming. Similarly, good rustprotection properties will assist in keeping system metals insatisfactory condition.4.4 Diesel Engine OilsIn addition to the ty
35、pical role oflubricating oils which is to lubricate, clean, cool and seal,diesel engine oils are formulated to provide protection fromacids and disperse soot particles that are created during thecombustion process. Diesel engine oils are compounded withalkaline additives to neutralize the sulfuric a
36、cids that areproduced when the diesel fuel is combusted. They are alsocompounded with dispersant/detergents to keep the engineclean and the by-products of combustion (fuel soot) suspended.The combination of wear regimes found in the diesel enginerequire the lubricants to have high levels of anti-wea
37、r additivesto protect the engine from wear during the most severecondition. Multi-grade lubricants (high viscosity index) areoften employed in diesel engine lubricants that are required tooperate over a wide temperature range.4.5 Turbine-type or Circulating Oils, or BothThese oilsprovide satisfactor
38、y lubrication and cooling of bearings andgears (for example, in auxiliary turbines, pumps and gearboxesas circulating oils). They also can function as a governorhydraulic fluid. The oil must have a viscosity high enough tomaintain a sufficiently thick film of oil on load-bearingsurfaces, but low eno
39、ugh to minimize energy losses whileproviding adequate cooling. These oils are recommendedwhere the degree of loading on bearings and gears is less thanin gear oil applications. Turbine or circulating oils, or both,have excellent oxidation resistance and contain rust inhibitors;they are often referre
40、d to as R consequently, the interpretation oftest results will be significantly different. The fluid suppliershould be consulted if there is a question about interpretation ofanalytical results.5. Operational Factors Affecting the Service Life of Oils5.1 New Oil Quality and Suitability for Intended
41、UseUseof high-quality oils that meet recognized standards (such asmanufacturer military specifications and OEM specifications)is the best assurance of potentially long service life. Careful oilstorage is important to prevent the degradation of the lubricantwhile in storage or being dispensed. Accura
42、te labeling oflubricant containers is vital to ensure proper identification.5.1.1 Viscosity is the most important characteristic of an oil.Oils load bearing and lubricating properties are related to itsviscosity. The use of oil with incorrect viscosity can increasewear rates, heat build-up, and lube
43、 degradation. In extremecases, the use of oils with incorrect viscosities can result inrapid catastrophic failures.5.1.2 Oils that meet the equipment manufacturers require-ments should be used. For situations where the manufacturersimply offers a generic viscosity classification without specificperf
44、ormance criteria, the user should consult the equipmentmanufacturer, lubricant suppliers, and experts in the field oflubrication.5.1.3 When fresh, unused lubricants are received it isadvisable to obtain typical test data from the oil supplier. Uponreceipt of the first oil charge, take a sample of oi
45、l to confirm thetypical test data and to use as a baseline.5.1.3.1 In order to avoid possible mixtures with residualflush oil or previous fill oil in equipment, make an oil sampleof the new oil charge upon startup the true baseline oil sample.5.1.3.2 This baseline should be the reference sample for
46、thephysical and chemical properties of the fluid, and for futurecomparisons with used oil information. This is most impor-tant! Recommended tests for new oil are given in the sched-ules of this practice. (WarningPhysical and chemical prop-erties of lubricants after installation may not match results
47、obtained for new oil as received from the supplier.)(WarningStorage conditions affect the shelf life of lubri-cants. Manufacturing shelf life recommendations should befollowed. If no shelf life guidance information is available andthe lubricants is greater than two years old, the lubricantmanufactur
48、er should be consulted to confirm suitability foruse.)5.1.4 Manufacturer shelf life recommendations should beobserved. Oils should be stored to preserve their originalquality and prevent contamination. Stored oils may be tested toensure and document their quality, cleanliness, and continuedsuitabili
49、ty for their intended use. It is suggested that oilmanufacturers recommendations be followed when storinglubricants to ensure maximum product life.5.1.5 Make-up oils should normally be of the same type,quality, and manufacturer. Available formulations may changeover a period of time. Lubricant incompatibility can arise frommixing differing base stocks and additive packages and shouldbe avoided. When oils must be mixed, testing should beD6224 093performed in an attempt to determine compatibility in accor-dance with Practice D7155. Consideration should be given toconsul
