1、Designation: D6224 16Standard Practice forIn-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil for Auxiliary PowerPlant Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6224; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONA more systematic approach to monitoring auxiliary power plant equipment can help to minimizethe high cost of oi
3、l changes and unplanned shutdowns. These avoided costs must be balanced againstthe cost of sampling and laboratory testing.This practice is designed to help the user evaluate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycleby carrying out a meaningful program of sampling and testing of oils in
4、use. This practice is performedin order to collect data and monitor trends which suggest any signs of lubricant deterioration and toensure a safe, reliable, and cost-effective operation of the monitored plant equipment.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effectivemonitoring of
5、 mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricatingoils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used forpower generation.Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears,hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, andelectrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes samplingand testing sc
6、hedules and recommended action steps, as well asinformation on how oils degrade.NOTE 1Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but arenot addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fractionof the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturerto
7、 determine recommended monitoring practices.1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricat-ing oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended tocomplement Practice D4378.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included i
8、n thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
9、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating MaterialsD445 Test Method for Kinemat
10、ic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics ofInhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterD892 Test Method for Foaming Char
11、acteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating OilsD943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of InhibitedMineral OilsD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) ofElectrical In
12、sulating LiquidsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer Method1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Su
13、bcom-mittee D02.C0.01 on Turbine Oil Monitoring, Problems and Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6224 09. DOI:10.1520/D6224-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
14、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
15、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oilsand Synthetic FluidsD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer TitrationD2272 Test
16、Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Tur-bine Oils by Rotating Pressure VesselD2273 Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating OilsD2422 Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Vis-cosity SystemD2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrica
17、l Insulating Oil by Infra-red AbsorpD2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Perchloric Acid TitrationD2982 Test Methods for Detecting Glycol-Base Antifreezein Used Lubricating OilsD3427 Test Method for Air Release Properties of Hydrocar-bon Based OilsD3524 Test Metho
18、d for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4378 Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Tur-bin
19、e Oils for Steam, Gas, and Combined Cycle TurbinesD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (
20、ICP-AES)D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD6810 Test Method for Measurement of Hindered PhenolicAntioxidant Content in Non-Zinc Turbine Oils by LinearSweep VoltammetryD6971 Test Method for Measur
21、ement of Hindered Phenolicand Aromatic Amine Antioxidant Content in Non-zincTurbine Oils by Linear Sweep VoltammetryD7155 Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures ofTurbine Lubricating OilsD7414 Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Oxidationin In-Service Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Based L
22、ubri-cants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR) SpectrometryD7546 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in Newand In-Service Lubricating Oils and Additives by RelativeHumidity SensorD7464 Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, As-sociated Materials and Fuel System Com
23、ponents forMicrobiological TestingD7647 Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting ofLubricating and Hydraulic Fluids Using Dilution Tech-niques to Eliminate the Contribution of Water and Inter-fering Soft Particles by Light ExtinctionD7669 Guide for Practical Lubricant Condition Data TrendAnalysis
24、D7687 Test Method for Measurement of Cellular AdenosineTriphosphate in Fuel, Fuel/Water Mixtures, and Fuel-Associated Water with Sample Concentration by FiltrationD7720 Guide for Statistically Evaluating Measurand AlarmLimits when Using Oil Analysis to Monitor Equipmentand Oil for Fitness and Contam
25、inationD7843 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricant Gener-ated Insoluble Color Bodies in In-Service Turbine Oilsusing Membrane Patch ColorimetryD7978 Test Method for Determination of the Viable AerobicMicrobial Content of Fuels and Associated WaterThixotropic Gel Culture MethodE1064 Test Method fo
26、r Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer TitrationF311 Practice for Processing Aerospace Liquid Samples forParticulate Contamination Analysis Using Membrane Fil-tersF312 Test Methods for Microscopical Sizing and CountingParticles from Aerospace Fluids on Membrane Filters2.2 ISO Standa
27、rd:3ISO 3448:1992 Industrial liquid lubricantsISO viscosityclassificationISO 4406:1999 Hydraulic fluid powerFluidsMethod forcoding the level of contamination by solid particles2.3 SAE Standards:4J300 Engine Oil Viscosity ClassificationJ306 Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity Classification3. Signifi
28、cance and Use3.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularlypower plant operators, maintain effective control over theirmineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program.This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oilcondition and test results rather than on the bas
29、is of servicetime or calendar time. It is intended to save operating andmaintenance expenses.3.2 This practice is also intended to help users monitor thecondition of mineral lubricating oils and guard against exces-sive component wear, oil degradation, or contamination,thereby minimizing the potenti
30、al of catastrophic machineproblems that are more likely to occur in the absence of suchan oil condition monitoring program.3.3 This practice does not necessarily reference all of thecurrent oil testing technologies and is not meant to preclude theuse of alternative instrumentation or test methods th
31、at providemeaningful or trendable test data, or both. Some oil testingdevices and sensors (typically used for screening oils that willbe tested according to standard methods) provide trendable3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036,
32、http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096, http:/www.sae.org.D6224 162indicators that correlate to water, particulates, and other con-taminants but do not directly measure these.3.4 This practice is intended for mineral oil products, andnot
33、 for synthetic type of products, with the exception ofphosphate esters fluids typically used in power plant controlsystems.4. General Properties of Lubricating Oils4.1 In general, lubricating oils are designed to reducefriction and wear, provide cooling, control deposits, andcombat the effects of co
34、ntamination. A base oils lubricatingproperties are enhanced by selected additives. Different ma-chines have different lubricant additive requirements, some ofwhich are described in this section. Proper lubrication mini-mizes or precludes contact between metal surfaces and reducescomponent wear.4.2 G
35、ear OilsThe primary requirement of gear oils is thatthey prevent wear and minimize other forms of damage such aspitting and scuffing by maintaining a lubricant film between themoving surfaces.4.3 Hydraulic OilsAhydraulic fluid is required to transmithydraulic pressure and energy, minimize friction a
36、nd wear inpumps, valves, and cylinders, and protect metal surfacesagainst corrosion. To obtain optimum efficiency of machineoperation and control, the viscosity of the oil should be lowenough to minimize frictional and pressure losses in piping.However, it also is necessary to have a sufficiently hi
37、ghviscosity to provide satisfactory wear protection and minimizeleakage of the fluid. High-viscosity index fluids help tomaintain a satisfactory viscosity over a wide temperaturerange. The anti-wear properties of high-quality hydraulic oilsusually are improved by suitable additives. Since the clear-
38、ances in pumps and valves tend to be critical, it is important toprovide adequate filtration equipment (full flow or bypass, orboth) to maintain a minimum particle content and thus mini-mize wear. The antioxidant additives in the hydraulic oilshould give the oil good oxidation stability to avoid the
39、formation of insoluble gums or sludges; the oil should havegood water separation properties, and, because air may beentrained in the system, the oil should have good air-releaseproperties and resistance to foaming. Similarly, good rustprotection properties will assist in keeping system metals insati
40、sfactory condition.4.4 Diesel Engine OilsIn addition to the typical role oflubricating oils which is to lubricate, clean, cool and seal,diesel engine oils are formulated to provide protection fromacids and disperse soot particles that are created during thecombustion process. Diesel engine oils are
41、compounded withalkaline additives to neutralize the sulfuric acids that areproduced when the diesel fuel is combusted. They are alsocompounded with dispersant/detergents to keep the engineclean and the by-products of combustion (fuel soot) suspended.The combination of wear regimes found in the diese
42、l enginerequire the lubricants to have high levels of anti-wear additivesto protect the engine from wear during the most severecondition. Multi-grade lubricants (high viscosity index) areoften employed in diesel engine lubricants that are required tooperate over a wide temperature range.4.5 Turbine
43、Oils or Circulating Oils, or BothThese oilsprovide satisfactory lubrication and cooling of bearings andgears (for example, in auxiliary turbines, pumps and gearboxesas circulating oils). They also can function as a governorhydraulic fluid. The oil must have a viscosity high enough tomaintain a suffi
44、ciently thick film of oil on load-bearingsurfaces, but low enough to minimize energy losses whileproviding adequate cooling. These oils are recommendedwhere the degree of loading on bearings and gears is less thanin gear oil applications. Turbine or circulating oils, or both,have excellent oxidation
45、 resistance and contain rust inhibitors;they are often referred to as rust and oxidation inhibited (R consequently, the interpretation oftest results will be significantly different. The fluid suppliershould be consulted if there is a question about interpretation ofanalytical results.5. Operational
46、 Factors Affecting the Service Life of Oils5.1 New Oil Quality and Suitability for Intended UseUseof high-quality oils that meet recognized standards (such asmanufacturer military specifications and OEM specifications)is the best assurance of potentially long service life. Careful oilstorage is impo
47、rtant to prevent the degradation of the lubricantwhile in storage or being dispensed. Accurate labeling oflubricant containers is vital to ensure proper identification.5.1.1 Viscosity is the most important characteristic of an oil.Oil load bearing and lubricating properties are related to itsviscosi
48、ty. The use of oil with incorrect viscosity can increasewear rates, heat build-up, and lube degradation. In extremeD6224 163cases, the use of oils with incorrect viscosities can result inrapid catastrophic failures.5.1.2 Oils that meet the equipment manufacturers require-ments should be used. For si
49、tuations where the manufacturersimply offers a generic viscosity classification without specificperformance criteria, the user should consult the equipmentmanufacturer, lubricant suppliers, and experts in the field oflubrication.5.1.3 When fresh, unused lubricants are received, it isadvisable to obtain typical test data from the oil supplier. Uponreceipt of the first oil charge, take a sample of oil to confirm thetypical test data.5.1.3.1 Because systems usually contain some residual oil,(whether from a previous charge or a flush) the baseline sampleto be used for co
