1、Designation: D 6232 08Standard Guide forSelection of Sampling Equipment for Waste andContaminated Media Data Collection Activities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6232; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be consideredwhen selecting sampling equipment for collec
3、ting environmen-tal and waste samples for waste management activities. Thisguide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readilyavailable. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifi-cally included in this guide. However, the factors that shouldbe weighed when choosing any piece of eq
4、uipment are coveredand remain the same for the selection of any piece ofequipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide in-cludes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops,spoons, shovels, dredges, coring and augering devices. Theselection of sampling locations is outside the scope of
5、thisguide.1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability tosampling matrices, including water (surface and ground),sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. Theguide does not address specifically the collect
6、ion of samples ofany suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Referto Guide D 4411 for more information.1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and itsapplicability for use based on compatibility of sample andequipment; volume of the sample required; physical require-ments such as
7、 power, size, and weight; ease of operation anddecontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitableequipment by the use of an Index.1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sam-pling devices and line drawings and narratives d
8、escribing theoperation of sampling devices are also provided.1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are tobe regarded separately as the standard units. The values givenin parentheses are for information only.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of op
9、tions and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in con junction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace
10、 the standard of care by which the adequacyof a given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consen
11、sus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
12、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Line
13、d, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4136 Practice for Sampling Phytoplankton with Water-Sampling BottlesD 4342 Practice for Collecting of Benthic Macroinverte-brates with Ponar Grab Sampler3D 4343 Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrateswith Ekman Grab Sampler3D 4348 Practice for Coll
14、ecting Benthic Macroinvertebrateswith Holme (Scoop) Grab Sampler3D 4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates3D 4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWells1This guide is under the jurisdiction o
15、f ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 6232 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
16、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
17、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4696 Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the VadoseZoneD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerg
18、ed, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD 5013 Practices for Sampling Wastes from Pipes andOther Point DischargesD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated
19、 to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD 5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose ZoneD 5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or PondSamplerD 5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD 5495 Practice for Sampling With a Com
20、posite LiquidWaste Sampler (COLIWASA)D 5633 Practice for Sampling with a ScoopD 5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD 5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes
21、 With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-uids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Con-tainersD 5778 Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone andPiezocone Penetration Testing of SoilsD 5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall
22、 Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use
23、of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring Devices
24、D 5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and SamplingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and Installation of Subsu
25、rface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD 6009 Guide for Sampling Waste PilesD 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-ment of Waste and Contaminated MediaD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Sub
26、sam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Contain-ers by Field PersonnelD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill
27、Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD 6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site CharacterizationD 6418 Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Samplerfor Sampling and Storing Soil for V
28、olatile Organic Analy-sisD 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With AutomaticSamplersD 6634 Guide for the Selection of Purging and SamplingDevices for Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD 6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Ob-tained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Inves-tigationsD
29、 6699 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using BailersD 6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab andDiscrete Depth SamplersD 6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling forWells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-tigationsD 6907 Practice for Sampling Soils and Contaminated Me-dia wi
30、th Hand-Operated Bucket AugersE 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE 1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebrates3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Speci
31、fic to This Standard:3.1.1 consolidated, adja compact solid not easily com-pressed or broken into smaller particles.3.1.2 decontamination, nthe process of removing or re-ducing to a known level undesirable physical or chemicalconstituents, or both, from a sampling apparatus to maximizethe representa
32、tiveness of physical or chemical analyses pro-posed for a given sample.3.1.3 data quality objectives (DQOs), nqualitative orquantitative statement(s) derived from the DQO process de-scribing the problem(s), the decision rule(s) and the uncertain-ties of the decision(s) stated in the con text of the
33、problem.3.1.4 environmental data, ndefined for use in this docu-ment to mean data in support of environmental activities.3.1.5 matrix, nthe principal constituent(s) or phase(s) of amaterial.D62320823.1.6 unconsolidated, adjdefined for use in this documentto mean uncemented or uncompacted material th
34、at is easilyseparated into smaller portions.3.1.7 representative sample, na sample collected in such amanner that it reflects one or more characteristics of interest (asdefined by the project objectives) of a population from whichit was collected. (D 6044)4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide discusses
35、important criteria which should beconsidered when choosing sampling equipment.4.1.1 Criteria discussed in this document include physicaland chemical compatibility, sample matrix, sample volume,physical requirements, ease of operation and decontamination.Costs are considered, where appropriate.4.2 A
36、limited list of sampling equipment is presented in twoseparate tables. The list attempts to include a variety ofdifferent types of equipment. However, this list is in no way allinclusive, as there are many excellent pieces of equipment notincluded. Table 1 lists matrices (surface and ground water,st
37、ationary sediment, soil and mixed phase wastes) and indi-cates which sampling devices are appropriate for use with thesematrices. It also includes ASTM method references (draftstandards are not included). Table 2 indicates physical require-ments (such as battery), electrical power, and weight; physi
38、caland chemical compatibility; effect on matrix; range of volume;ease of operation; decontamination; and reusability. Table 3provides sampler type selection process based upon the sampletype and matrix to be sampled.5. Significance and Use5.1 Although many technical papers address topics impor-tant
39、to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQOs,study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D 4687,D 5730, D 6009, D 6051, and Practice D 5283), the selectionand use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed oromitted.5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to thetask of
40、collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential biasshould be considered, not only in the selection and use of thesampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of thedata generated. Some major considerations in the selection ofs
41、ampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listedbelow.5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevantlocation in the target population,5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample suchthat the distribution of particle sizes in the population arerepresented, and5.3.
42、3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition orloss of constituents of interest.5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularlyimportant in investigations when the target population isheterogeneous such as when particle sizes vary, liquids arepresent in distinct phases, a gaseous
43、 phase exists or materialfrom different sources are present in the population. Theconsideration of these characteristics during the equipmentselection process will enable the data user to make appropriatestatistical inferences about the target population based on thesampling results.6. Selection Cri
44、teria6.1 Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for a summary of matrixcompatibility and selection criteria. Refer to Table 3 for anindex of sampling equipment based upon sample type andmatrix to be sampled.6.2 CompatibilityIt is important that sampling equipment,other equipment which may come in contact with samp
45、les(such as gloves, mixing pans, knives, spatulas, spoons, etc.)and sample containers be constructed of materials that arecompatible with the matrices and analytes of interest. Incom-patibility may result in the contamination of the sample and thedegradation of the sampling equipment. Appropriate sa
46、mplingequipment must be compatible chemically and physically.6.2.1 Chemical CompatibilityThe effects of a matrix onthe sampling equipment is usually considered in the light of theanalytes, or groups of analytes of interest. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been found to degrade in the prese
47、nceof many separate phase organic compounds in water; therefore,it would be preferable to collect ground water samples fororganic analyses using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), stain-less steel, or glass sampling equipment (1, 2).4Acids, bases,and high chloride ground water in coastal areas, and was
48、teswith high concentrations of solvents may also degrade manytypes of sampling equipment over time. The residence orcontact time, the time the sample is in contact with thesampling equipment may be significant in terms of chemicalinteraction between the sampled matrix and the equipment.6.2.1.1 The c
49、hoice of materials used in the construction ofsampling devices should be based upon a knowledge of whatconstituents may be present in the sampling environmentbecause the constituents and materials may interact chemicallyor be incompatible. Consult available chemical compatibilitycharts.6.2.2 Physical CompatibilityThe sampling equipmentshould also be compatible with the physical characteristics ofthe matrices to be sampled. Equipment used to dig or core(shovels, augers, coring type samplers) should be constructedof material that will not deform during use, or be abraded byt
