1、Designation: D6241 04 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Test Method for theStatic Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6241; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETitle was added to Table 1 and editorial changes were made throughout in Febr
3、uary 2014.1. Scope1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure theforce required to puncture a geotextile and geotextile-relatedproducts. The relatively large size of the plunger provides amultidirectional force on the geotextile.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thest
4、andard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
5、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLabor
6、atory-Compacted SoilsD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodNOTE 1Test Method D1883 describes a mold (CBR mold
7、) that can beused for this test method.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of other textile terms usedin this test method, refer to Terminology D123. For definitionsof other terms relating to geosynthetics used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
8、 to This Standard:3.2.1 atmoshere for testing geotextiles, nair maintained ata relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 62C (70 6 4F).3.2.2 geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic composedsolely of textiles.3.2.3 puncture resistance, nthe inherent resisting mecha-nism of the test specim
9、en to the failure by a penetrating orpuncturing object.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension betweencircular plates and secured in a tensile or compression testingmachine, or both. A force is exerted against the center of theunsupported portion of the test specimen
10、by a steel plungerattached to the load indicator until rupture occurs. The maxi-mum force is the value of puncture strength.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method for determining the puncture strengthof geotextiles is to be used by the industry as an index ofpuncture strength. The use of this t
11、est method is to establish anindex value by providing standard criteria and a basis foruniform reporting.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles.5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reportedtest results when using
12、 this test method for acceptance testingof commercial shipments, the purchaser and the suppliershould conduct comparative tests to determine if there is astatistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statisticalassistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As aminimum, the two pa
13、rties should take a group of test speci-mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on MechanicalPropertiesCurrent edition approved June 1, 2009. Publ
14、ished July 2009. Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6241 04. DOI: 10.1520/D6241-04R09E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1lot of the type in question. The test specimens then shou
16、ld berandomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average results from the two laboratories should becompared using Students t-test for unpaired data and anacceptable probability level chosen by the two parties beforethe testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause
17、 must befound and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier mustagree to interpret future test results in the light of the knownbias.5.4 This test method is not applicable to materials that aremanufactured in sizes that are too small to be placed into thetest apparatus in accordance with the proc
18、edures in this testmethod. Furthermore, it is not appropriate to separate plies ofa geosynthetic or geocomposite for use in this test method.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Machine, must be constant-rate-of extension(CRE) type, with autographic recorder conforming to therequirement of Specification D76.6.2
19、Plunger, with a flat diameter of 50 6 1 mm with a radialedge of 2.5 6 0.5 mm. See Fig. 1.6.3 Clamping Apparatus, consisting of concentric plateswith an internal diameter of 150 mm (5.9 in.), capable ofclamping the test specimen without slippage (limit slippage oftest specimen to 5 mm). The external
20、diameter is suggested tobe 250 mm (9.8 in.). The diameter of the holes used forsecuring the ring clamp assemblage is suggested to be 11 mm(7/16 in.) and equally spaced at a diameter of 220 mm (8.7 in.).The surfaces of these plates can consist of grooves with rubberO-rings or coarse sandpaper bonded
21、onto opposing surfaces. Itis suggested that 9.5-mm (3/8-in.) bolts be welded to thebottom plate so that the top plate can be placed over the boltsand nuts easily tightened. A guide block may be used to helpseat the material being clamped. Other clamps that eliminateslippage are acceptable. See Fig.
22、2 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Plans for a hydraulic clamping apparatus are on file at ASTM.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleIn the absence of other guidelines, dividethe product into lots and take lot samples as specified inPractice D4354.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimeters.NOTE 2This diagram is not to scale.FIG.
23、1 PlungerD6241 04 (2009)127.2 Laboratory SampleConsider the units in the lotsample as the units in the laboratory sample. For the laboratorysample, take a full width sample of sufficient length along theselvage or edge of the roll so that the requirements of 7.3through 7.5.2 can be met. Exclude the
24、inner and outer wraps ofthe roll or any material containing folds, crushed areas, or otherdistortions not representative of the sample lot.7.3 Remove test specimens from the laboratory sample in arandomly distributed pattern across the width with no specimentaken nearer the selvage of fabric edge th
25、an 1/20 of the fabricwidth or 150 mm (6 in.), whichever is the smaller, unlessotherwise specified.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimeters.NOTE 2This diagram is not to scale.FIG. 2 Typical Arrangement for Test on Tensile Testing Machine (Method A)D6241 04 (2009)137.4 Test SpecimensFrom each unit in t
26、he laboratorysample, cut the specimens so that the edge of specimen willextend beyond the edge of the clamp by 10 mm (0.39 in.) in alldirections.7.5 Number of SpecimensUnless otherwise agreed upon,as when provided in an applicable material specification, takea number of test specimens per laboratory
27、 sample such that theuser may expect at the 95 % probability level that the test resultis not more than 5.0 % of the average above or below the trueaverage of sample. Determine the number of specimens persample as follows:7.5.1 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is a reliableestimate of v based upon e
28、xtensive past records for similarmaterials tested in the users laboratory as directed in this testmethod, calculate the required number of specimens as fol-lows:n 5 tv/A!2(1)where:n = number of test specimens (rounded upward to a wholenumber),NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimeters.NOTE 2The diagram
29、 is not to scale.FIG. 3 Typical Arrangement for Test on Compression Testing Machine (Method B)D6241 04 (2009)14v = reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation forindividual observations on similar materials in the userslaboratory under conditions of single-operationprecision, %,t = the value o
30、f Students t one-sided limits, a 95 %probability level, and the degrees of freedom, associatedwith the estimate of v, andA = 5.0 % of the average, the value of the allowablevariation.7.5.2 No Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is no reliableestimate of v for the users laboratory, the equation given in
31、7.5.1 should not be used directly. Instead, specify the fixednumber (10) of specimens. The number of specimens iscalculated using v = 9.5 % of the average. These values for vare somewhat larger than usually found in practice. When areliable estimate of v for the users laboratory becomesavailable, th
32、e equation given in 7.5.1 usually will require fewerthan the fixed number of specimens.NOTE 3If the material to be tested is known to have differentcharacteristics on the two sides, for example, physical characteristics of asa consequence of the manufacturing process, then the complete test shallbe
33、carried out separately on each face.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered tohave been reached when the increase in mass of the specimenin successive weightings made at intervals of not less than 2 hdoes not
34、exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen. In generalpractice, the industry approaches equilibrium from the “asreceived” side.NOTE 4It is recognized that in practice geotextiles materials fre-quently are not weighted to determine when moisture equilibrium hasbeen reached. While such a procedure canno
35、t be accepted in cases ofdispute, it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to thestandard atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before thespecimens are tested. At least 24 h has been found acceptable in mostcases. However, certain fibers may exhibit slow moistu
36、re equalizationrates from the “as received” wet side. When this is known, a precondi-tioning cycle, as described in Practice D1776, may be agreed uponbetween contractual parties.9. Procedure9.1 Select the load range of the tensile testing machine suchthat the rupture occurs between 10 and 90 % of th
37、e full-scaleload.9.2 Center and secure the test specimen between the holdingplates ensuring that the test specimen extends to or beyond theouter edges of the clamping plates.9.3 Mark the test specimen along the inside circumferenceof the holding container. This allows for a measurement ofpotential s
38、lippage of the specimen.9.4 If slippage greater than 5 mm is observed, the test onthat specimen should be discarded and a new specimen shouldbe obtained.9.5 Test at a machine speed of 50 mm/min (approximately 2in./min) until the puncture rod completely ruptures the testspecimen. Read the puncture st
39、rength and displacement fromthe greatest force registered on the recording instrument duringthe test. For the testing of composite geotextiles, there may bea double peak. If so, the initial value should be reported evenif the second peak is higher than the first one.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the
40、 average of the puncture strength for alltest results as read directly from the recording instrument.11. Report11.1 State that the material was tested in accordance withTest Method D6241. State the manner in which the specimenswere conditioned. Describe the material or product sample andthe method o
41、f sampling used.11.2 Report the following information:11.2.1 The method of holding the test specimen in theclamping device.11.2.2 The average puncture strength of the specimenstested.11.2.3 The variation of data within each group of speci-mens.11.2.4 The variation, if any, from the described test me
42、thod.11.3 Upon request, the graph of plunger force versus dis-placement. A typical graph is given in Fig. 4.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision.12.1.1 Interlaboratory Testing ProgramsAn inter-laboratory testing program (ILS) was performed in 2003. Thedesign of the experiment, similar to that of Pra
43、ctice E691.A270-g/m2 (8-oz/sy) needle-punched nonwoven geotextile and a540-g/m2 (16-oz/sy) needle-punched nonwoven geotextilewere circulated to eight laboratories.12.1.2 Test ResultsThe precision information is presentedin Table 1 for the four materials. The average values listed forthe strength tes
44、t results are in units of N (lbs).12.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringthe static puncture strength of geotextiles using a 50-mm probehas no bias because the values of puncture strength can only bedefined in terms of a test method.D6241 04 (2009)15ASTM International takes no posit
45、ion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibilit
46、y.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
47、 International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address s
48、hown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-8
49、32-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 4 Example of Typical Curve, Plunger Force Versus Plunger DisplacementTABLE 1 PrecisionMaterialAveragePunctureStrength95 % ConfidenceRepeatabilityLimit95 % ConfidenceReproducibilityLimit(8-oz/sy)NonwovenGeotextile3045 (684) 11.3 15.3(16-oz/sy)NonwovenGeotextile7133 (1603) 10.3 15.4D6241 04 (2009)16
