1、Designation:D624104 (Reapproved 2009) 1 D624114 Standard Test Method for the Static Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile- Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D6241; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. e 1 NOTETitle was added to Table 1 and editorial changes were made throu
3、ghout in February 2014. 1. Scope 1.1 Thistestmethodisanindextestusedtomeasuretheforcerequiredtopunctureageotextileandgeotextile-relatedproducts. The relatively large size of the plunger provides a multidirectional force on the geotextile. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the s
4、tandard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the a
5、pplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D76D76/D76MSpecication for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles D123Terminology Relating to Textiles D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles D1883Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ra
6、tio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method NOTE 1Test Method D1883 describes
7、a mold (CBR mold) that can be used for this test method. 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsFor denitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123. For denitions of other terms relating to geosynthetics used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4439. 3.2 Denitions of
8、 Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 atmoshere for testing geotextiles, nair maintained at a relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F). 3.2.2 geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic composed solely of textiles. 3.2.3 punctureresistance,ntheinherentresistingmechanismofthet
9、estspecimentothefailurebyapenetratingorpuncturing object. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Atestspecimenisclampedwithouttensionbetweencircularplatesandsecuredinatensileorcompressiontestingmachine, orboth.Aforceisexertedagainstthecenteroftheunsupportedportionofthetestspecimenbyasteelplungerattachedtothe
10、load indicator until rupture occurs. The maximum force is the value of puncture strength. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties Current edition approved June 1, 2009July 1, 2014
11、. Published July 2009July 2014. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as D624104.D624104(2009) e1 . DOI: 10.1520/D6241-04R09E01.10.1520/D6241-14. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBoo
12、kofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because it may not be technica
13、lly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this s
14、tandard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States 15. Signicance and Use 5.1 This test method for determining the puncture strength of geotextiles is to be used by the industry as an index of puncture strength.Theuseofthistestmet
15、hodistoestablishanindexvaluebyprovidingstandardcriteriaandabasisforuniformreporting. 5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. 5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method f
16、or acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should ta
17、ke a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-tes
18、t for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias. 5.4 This test
19、 method is not applicable to materials that are manufactured in sizes that are too small to be placed into the test apparatus in accordance with the procedures in this test method. Furthermore, it is not appropriate to separate plies of a geosynthetic or geocomposite for use in this test method. 6.
20、Apparatus 6.1 Testing Machine, must be constant-rate-of extension (CRE) type, with autographic recorder conforming to the requirement of Specication D76D76/D76M. 6.2 Plunger, with a at diameter of 50 6 1 mm with a radial edge of 2.5 6 0.5 mm. See Fig. 1. NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimeters.milli
21、metres. NOTE 2This diagram is not to scale. FIG. 1 Plunger D624114 26.3 ClampingApparatus,consistingofconcentricplateswithaninternaldiameterof150mm(5.9in.),capableofclampingthe test specimen without slippage (limit slippage of test specimen to 5 mm). The external diameter is suggested to be 250 mm (
22、9.8 in.).Thediameteroftheholesusedforsecuringtheringclampassemblageissuggestedtobe11mm(7/16in.)andequallyspaced at a diameter of 220 mm (8.7 in.). The surfaces of these plates can consist of grooves with rubber O-rings or coarse sandpaper bonded onto opposing surfaces. It is suggested that 9.5-mm (3
23、/8-in.) bolts be welded to the bottom plate so that the top plate can beplacedovertheboltsandnutseasilytightened.Aguideblockmaybeusedtohelpseatthematerialbeingclamped.Otherclamps that eliminate slippage are acceptable. See Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. NOTE 2Plans for a hydraulic clamping apparatus are on le a
24、t ASTM. NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimeters.millimetres. NOTE 2This diagram is not to scale. FIG. 2 Typical Arrangement for Test on Tensile Testing Machine (Method A) D624114 37. Sampling 7.1 Lot SampleIn the absence of other guidelines, divide the product into lots and take lot samples as speci
25、ed in Practice D4354. 7.2 Laboratory SampleConsider the units in the lot sample as the units in the laboratory sample. For the laboratory sample, take a full width sample of sufficient length along the selvage or edge of the roll so that the requirements of 7.3 through 7.5.2 can be met. Exclude the
26、inner and outer wraps of the roll or any material containing folds, crushed areas, or other distortions not representative of the sample lot. 7.3 Remove test specimens from the laboratory sample in a randomly distributed pattern across the width with no specimen taken nearer the selvage of fabric ed
27、ge than 1/20 of the fabric width or 150 mm (6 in.), whichever is the smaller, unless otherwise specied. 7.4 TestSpecimensFromeachunitinthelaboratorysample,cutthespecimenssothattheedgeofspecimenwillextendbeyond the edge of the clamp by 10 mm (0.39 in.) in all directions. NOTE 1All dimensions are in m
28、illimeters.millimetres. NOTE 2The diagram is not to scale. FIG. 3 Typical Arrangement for Test on Compression Testing Machine (Method B) D624114 47.5 Number of SpecimensUnless otherwise agreed upon, as when provided in an applicable material specication, take a number of test specimens per laborator
29、y sample such that the user may expect at the 95% probability level that the test result is not more than 5.0% of the average above or below the true average of sample. Determine the number of specimens per sample as follows: 7.5.1 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is a reliable estimate of v based u
30、pon extensive past records for similar materials tested in the users laboratory as directed in this test method, calculate the required number of specimens as follows: n5tv/A! 2 (1) where: n = number of test specimens (rounded upward to a whole number), v = reliableestimateofthecoefficientofvariatio
31、nforindividualobservationsonsimilarmaterialsintheuserslaboratoryunder conditions of single-operation precision, %, t = the value of Students t one-sided limits, a 95% probability level, and the degrees of freedom, associated with the estimate of v, and A = 5.0% of the average, the value of the allow
32、able variation. 7.5.2 No Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is no reliable estimate of v for the users laboratory, the equation given in 7.5.1 should not be used directly. Instead, specify the xed number (10) of specimens. The number of specimens is calculated using v = 9.5% of the average. These valu
33、es for v are somewhat larger than usually found in practice. When a reliable estimate of v for theuserslaboratorybecomesavailable,theequationgivenin7.5.1usuallywillrequirefewerthanthexednumberofspecimens. NOTE2Ifthematerialtobetestedisknowntohavedifferentcharacteristicsonthetwosides,forexample,physi
34、calcharacteristicsofasaconsequence of the manufacturing process, then the complete test shall be carried out separately on each face. 8. Conditioning 8.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in the atmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the inc
35、rease in mass of the specimen in successive weightings made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1% of the mass of the specimen. In general practice, the industry approaches equilibrium from the as received side. NOTE 3It is recognized that in practice geotextiles materials frequently
36、 are not weighted to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before the specimens are tes
37、ted.At least 24 h has been found acceptable in most cases. However, certain bers may exhibit slow moisture equalization rates from the as received wet side. When this is known, a preconditioning cycle, as described in Practice D1776, may be agreed upon between contractual parties. 9. Procedure 9.1 S
38、elect the load range of the tensile testing machine such that the rupture occurs between 10 and 90% of the full-scale load. 9.2 Center and secure the test specimen between the holding plates ensuring that the test specimen extends to or beyond the outer edges of the clamping plates. 9.3 Mark the tes
39、t specimen along the inside circumference of the holding container.This allows for a measurement of potential slippage of the specimen. 9.4 If slippage greater than 5 mm is observed, the test on that specimen should be discarded and a new specimen should be obtained. 9.5 Test at a machine speed of 5
40、0 mm/min (approximately 2 in./min) until the puncture rod completely ruptures the test specimen. Read the puncture strength and displacement from the greatest force registered on the recording instrument during the test. For the testing of composite geotextiles, there may be a double peak. If so, th
41、e initial value should be reported even if the second peak is higher than the rst one. 10. Calculation 10.1 Calculate the average of the puncture strength for all test results as read directly from the recording instrument. 11. Report 11.1 State that the material was tested in accordance with Test M
42、ethod D6241. State the manner in which the specimens were conditioned. Describe the material or product sample and the method of sampling used. 11.2 Report the following information: 11.2.1 The method of holding the test specimen in the clamping device. 11.2.2 The average puncture strength of the sp
43、ecimens tested. 11.2.3 The variation of data within each group of specimens. 11.2.4 The variation, if any, from the described test method. D624114 511.3 Upon request, the graph of plunger force versus displacement. A typical graph is given in Fig. 4. 12. Precision and Bias 12.1 Precision. 12.1.1 Int
44、erlaboratory Testing ProgramsAn inter-laboratory testing program (ILS) was performed in 2003.The design of the experiment, similar to that of Practice E691. A 270-g/m2270-g/m 2 (8-oz/sy) needle-punched nonwoven geotextile and a 540-g/m2540-g/m 2 (16-oz/sy) needle-punched nonwoven geotextile were cir
45、culated to eight laboratories. 12.1.2 Test ResultsThe precision information is presented in Table 1 for the four materials. The average values listed for the strength test results are in units of N (lbs). 12.2 BiasTheprocedureinthistestmethodformeasuringthestaticpuncturestrengthofgeotextilesusinga50
46、-mmprobehas no bias because the values of puncture strength can only be dened in terms of a test method. FIG. 4 Example of Typical Curve, Plunger Force Versus Plunger Displacement D624114 6ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with a
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