1、Designation: D6286 98 (Reapproved 2006) D6286 12Standard Guide forSelection of Drilling Methods for Environmental SiteCharacterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various drilling methods for environmental site char
3、acterization along with advantagesand disadvantages associated with each method discussed. A comprehensive description of these drilling methods can be found inindividual ASTM standards, see Section 2. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method(s) for environmentalsoil and roc
4、k borings and the installation of monitoring wells and other water-quality monitoring devices.1.2 This guide does not address methods of well construction, well development, or well completion. These topics are coveredin other ASTM documents, see Section 2.1.3 This guide cannot address all possible
5、subsurface conditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic, oranthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Because dimensions of materials used in
6、the drilling industryare given in inch-pound units by convention, rationalized inch-pound units also are used in this guide. Each system of units is tobe regarded separately as standard.1.5 This guide does not specifically address methods of lithologic sample collection, such as coring, that may req
7、uire the useof a specific drilling method. Other ASTM guides should be consulted for sampling methods (see Guide D6169) and equipmentnecessary for specific projects.1.6 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and the issues associated with drilling forenvironmental
8、purposes. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that wouldbe most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for drilling and qualified professionals should haveflexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alter
9、natives not covered in this guide. The guide is current at the time of issue, butnew alternative methods may become available prior to revisions; therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or producersprior to specifying program requirements.1.7 Pertinent guides addressing specific drilling
10、methods, equipment and procedures are listed in 2.1. A comprehensive list ofguides, methods, practices, and terminology for drilling is contained in Guide D5730. Other documents covering procedures forenvironmental site investigations with specific objectives or in particular geographic settings may
11、 be available from federal, state,and other agencies or organizations. The appropriate agency or organization should be contacted to determine the availability andmost current edition of such documents.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with
12、its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specif
13、ic courseof action. This document cannot replace education and experience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgement.judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by whi
14、ch the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1 This guide
15、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006Sept. 1, 2012. Published July 2006November 2012. OriginalyOriginally approved in 1998. Last previ
16、ous edition approved in19982006 as D6286 98.D6286 98(2006). DOI: 10.1520/D6286-98R06.10.1520/D6286-12.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technica
17、lly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this sta
18、ndardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, R
19、ock, and Contained FluidsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site InvestigationD2488 Practice for Description and I
20、dentification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring WellsD5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the
21、 Vadose Zone andGroundwaterD5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical LoggingD5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Dri
22、lling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5784 Guide for Us
23、e of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5872 Guide for Use of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5875 Guide for Use of
24、Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration andInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monit
25、oring DevicesD6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling for Environmental Site CharacterizationD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investiga
26、tionsD6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical MethodsD6910 Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Clay Construction Slurries3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: Terminology used within this guide, except where noted, is in accordance with Terminology D653.3.1.1 For definitions of genera
27、l terms used within this guide, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 borehole wall, nrefers to the naturally-occurring soil(s)/rock(s) surrounding the borehole.3.2.2 kelly bar, na formed or machined section of hollow drill steel used in rotary drilling,
28、which is joined directly to theswivel at the top and to the drill pipe below. The flats or splines of the kelly engage the rotary table so that the rotation of the rotarytable turns the kelly, which in turn, rotates the drill pipe and the rotary bit.3.2.3 mud rings, nsoil or rock cuttings that form
29、a ring or rings on the drill rod(s) during a rotary-drilling method, and as such,prevent drill cuttings from being carried up and out of the borehole. These rings can cause drill rods to become stuck in theborehole if sufficient drilling fluid is not injected or pumped downhole to keep the cuttings
30、fluid so that the ring(s) cannot formon the drill rods and block the cuttings return as drilling progresses.3.2.4 orange-peel bucket or boulder catcher, na bucket-type device, somewhat elliptical in shape resembling an orange peel,that is lowered down the borehole and used to remove boulders from th
31、e bottom of a borehole.4. Significance and Use4.1 The selection of particular method(s) for drilling monitoring wells (see Table 1) requires that specific characteristics of eachsite be considered. These characteristics would include, but are not limited to, the ambient hydrogeologic parameters andc
32、onditions existing at the site. This guide is intended to make the user aware of some of the various drilling methods available andthe applications, advantages and disadvantages of each with respect to determingdetermining groundwater chemistry and otherhydrogeologic properties data.2 For referenced
33、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on w
34、ww.astm.org.D6286 122TABLE 1 Well-Drilling Selection GuideDrilling Method DrillingFluid CasingAdvanceType ofMaterialDrilledTypicalDrillingDepth,in ftATypicalRange ofBoreholeSizes, inin.SamplesObtainableBCoringPossibleReferenceSectionDrilling Method DrillingFluid CasingAdvanceType ofMaterialDrilledTy
35、picalDrillingDepth,in m (ft)ATypicalRange ofBoreholeSizes, incm (in.)SamplesObtainableBCoringPossibleReferenceSectionPower auger(Hollow-stem)none, water,mud yessoil, weatheredrock 1000 236 S, R yes 7.3Direct fluid rotary water, mud yes soil, rock 300 (1000) 590 (236) S, R yes 7.3Direct air rotary ai
36、r, water, foam yes soil, rock 1500 236 S, R, F yes 7.4Direct air rotary air, water, foam yes soil, rock 460 (1500) 590 (236) S, R, F yes 7.4DTH hammer air, water, foam yes rock, boulders 1000 36 S, R, F yes 7.6Wireline air, water, foam yes soil, rock 300 (1000) 7.615 (36) S, R, F yes 7.6Reverse flui
37、d rotary water, mud yes soil, rock 1000 1236 S, R, F yes 7.7Reverse air rotary air, water, foam yes soil, rock 300 (1000) 3090 (1236) S, R, F yes 7.7Cable tool water yes soil, rock 5000 424 S, R, F (Fbelowwater table) yes 8Cable tool water yes soil, rock 1500 (5000) 1060 (424) S, R, F (Fbelowwater t
38、able) yes 8Casing-advancer air, water, mud yes soil, rock,boulders 2000 216 S, R, F yes 9Casing-advancer air, water, mud yes soil, rock,boulders 600 (2000) 540 (216) S, R, F yes 9Direct-push technology none yes soil 100 1.53 S, F yes 10Direct-push technology none yes soilTypical 6-7(20-25)Maximum30
39、(100)3.87.6 (1.53) S, F yes 10Sonic (vibratory) none, water,mud, air yes soil, rock,boulders 500 412 S, R, F yes 11Sonic (vibratory) none, water,mud, air yes soil, rock,boulders 150 (500) 1030 (412) S, R, F yes 11Jet percussion water no soil 50 24 S no 12Jet percussion water no soil 15.0 (50) 510 (2
40、4) S no 12Jetting water yes soil 50 4 S no 12D6286 1234.2 This guide can be used in conjunction with Guide D6169. There are several guides that deal with individual drilling methods(see Guides D5781, D5782, D5783, D5784, D5872, D5875, and D5876) and how to the complete them for water qualitymonitori
41、ng device installation (see Practice D5092).5. Program Planning and Drilling Considerations5.1 All factors affecting both surface and subsurface environment at a specific site requires professional judgment and must beconsidered by the geologist/hydrologist or experienced driller before a drilling m
42、ethod is selected. Significant soil and rock massesand groundwater conditions within a given site should be described and defined, both vertically and horizontally, before drilling.Site planning requires a reconnaissance site investigation that considers access to the drilling site and conditions fo
43、r setting up thedrilling equipment (1).4 The extent of site characterization and specific methods used will be determined by study objectives. Studyobjectives also will affect the type and complexity of data collected. Sources of data that may be useful during initial site evaluationinclude, but are
44、 not limited to, topographic maps, aerial photography, satellite imagery, information from reconnaissance drilling,borehole geophysical-log data, geologic maps and reports, statewide or county soil surveys, water-resource reports, well databases,and mineral-resource surveys covering the proposed pro
45、ject area. Available reports of surface and subsurface investigations ofnearby or adjacent projects should be considered and the information applicable to the current project evaluated and applied ifdetermined reliable and beneficial. Site-specific surface geophysical surveys (2-5) and direct-push m
46、ethods for soil andgroundwater data collection (see Guide D6429 and Guide D6001) also may be useful for planning drilling locations.5.2 Site investigations for the purpose of determining the specific placement locations of monitoring-well installations can varygreatly due to the availability of reli
47、able site data. The general procedure, however, is as follows. First, gather factual informationand data regarding the surface and subsurface conditions, then analyze the data for completeness and reliability, develop aconceptual framework or model of the site, and locate the monitoring wells based
48、on information from the first three steps. To theextent possible, monitoring wells should be installed with an understanding of the ambient hydrogeologic site conditions.Monitoring wells often serve as part of an overall site investigation for a specific purpose, such as determining the chemical qua
49、lityof the water, gaining insight into hydrochemical processes, or for predicting the effectiveness of aquifer remediation. In these cases,extensive additional geotechnical and hydrogeologic information may be required.5.3 If the monitoring well also is to be sampled for water quality during the drilling process, the possible damage and subsequentaquifer contamination caused by drilling-fluid invasion of the borehole wall that may occur during drilling must be considered. Forinstallation of monitoring wells designed for water-sample collectio
