1、Designation: D6306 10D6306 17Standard Guide forPlacement and Use of Diffusion Controlled Passive MonitorsDiffusive Samplers for Gaseous Pollutants in Indoor Air1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6306; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the placement and use of diffusion controlled monit
3、ors in the indoor atmosphere.diffusive samplers in anindoor environment.1.2 The primary use of diffusive samplers is to measure the exposure concentrations of specific gaseous air contaminants foroccupants in a variety of indoor environments.1.3 Diffusion controlled passive monitors Diffusive sample
4、rs within this guide include both area and personal monitors foruseare used to measure concentrations of air contaminants in residences, public buildings, offices, and other non-industrialworkplaces and dwelling environments. A passive monitordiffusive sampler is any air monitorsampler that does not
5、 utilizeelectrical or mechanical power in order to supply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactant within the monitorsampler andsample that samples according to FicksFicks first law of diffusion.1.4 The purpose of this guide is to ensure uniformity of sampling within a variety of indoor environ
6、ments and to facilitatecomparison of results.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibili
7、tyof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiza
8、tionestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
9、 AtmospheresD1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient AtmosphereD4597 Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive SamplersD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD4840 Guide for Sa
10、mple Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for MonitoringVolatile Organic Chemicals in Air3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions o
11、f Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 passive monitora diffusion controlled air monitor that does not utilize electrical or mechanical power in order to supplyair to the sorbent media or chemical reactant within the monitor. These monitors may be worn by an individual (personal passivemonitor) or
12、used as sampling devices within specific locations (area passive monitor).1 This methodguide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2017. Published April 2010Oc
13、tober 2017. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 asD6306 98 (2003).D6306 10. DOI: 10.1520/D6306-10.10.1520/D6306-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Stan
14、dardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible
15、 to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Guide4.1 Contaminants in air are sampled by collection with a sorbent or chemically reactive medium in order to undergo subsequentanalysis for determination of concentration. Contaminants in air are transported to the sorption medium or reactin
17、g chemicalthrough vapor or gas diffusion. During the sampling process, the compounds, in a molecular state, diffuse from the environmentadjacent to the sampler through a first region of defined geometric structure and into a second adsorbing region containing thesorbent. Samplers are resealed at the
18、 end of the exposure period and sent to a laboratory for analysis.4.2 Guidance is provided for the placement, handling, and use of passive air monitors diffusive samplers within an indoorenvironment.5. Significance and Use5.1 Diffusive samplers provide a useful sampling option for studying time-weig
19、hted average indoor air concentrations ofvapor-phase pollutants. They are easy and cost-effective to deploy enabling the collection of relatively large data sets.5.2 The objective of this guide is to provide guidance for the placement and use of passive monitorsdiffusive samplers that whenuniformly
20、applied enables the user to eliminate many interferences in thepotential interferences that may occur in diffusivesampling of indoor air. Since the analysis of the indoor environment by passive air monitors diffusive sampling is influenced bymany factors other than the method of sampling, efforts ar
21、e made to minimize interfering factors and maintain the air at conditionstypical of the measurement location within the vicinity of the passive air monitor. diffusive sampler. However, when performingcertain diagnostic or special measurements, non-typical indoor air environmentenvironmental conditio
22、ns may be desirable orrequired. Thus, the objectives of a sampling study may determine the conditions needed for sampling.5.3 PassiveDiffusive sampling provides for time integrated measurements. Passive monitorsDiffusive samplers are usuallyplaced in an indoor environment over a time period to obtai
23、n a cumulative sample; time weighted average concentration; hence,interfering factors potentially occurring over this period should be anticipated and eliminated where possible. PassivemonitorsDiffusive samplers often lack the sensitivity to measure short-term peak concentrations.5.4 With suitable i
24、nstruction regarding placement of passive monitors, placementdiffusive samplers, placement, and retrieval ofthe monitorssamplers can be performed by unskilled personnel (for example, occupants).6. General Principles6.1 The choice of a passive monitor,diffusive sampler, characteristics of the samplin
25、g site, number of sampling points, samplingduration, number of monitors,samplers, and number of sampling periods depends on the objectives of the monitoringsamplingprogram.6.2 Passive monitorsDiffusive samplers rely on air currents within an indoor environment for circulation of a representativesamp
26、le atmosphere toin the vicinity of the monitor.sampler. Therefore, it is essential that air circulation in the vicinity of thesampler be sufficient to keep the boundary layer thin enough so that the analyte can diffuse across it, preventing a maintainrepresentative ambient concentrations near the mo
27、nitoring surface and prevent localized concentration depletion by the monitor.The adequacy of the sampling is directly influenced by the location and subsequent exposure of the monitor to a representativeindoor atmosphere.sampler.6.3 The objective of the study may affect the type of monitorsampler s
28、elected and the location of placement. its positioning. Ingeneral terms, Practice D1357 will acquaint the user with established overall study considerations.6.4 The study design typically needs to take into consideration a wide range of building operating parameters and conditions.The success of the
29、 study, in many cases, will depend upon controlling or quantifying key parameters such as building ventilationand occupancy as examples.6.5 The following sections provide numerous recommendations for procedures, precautions, and other courses of action.Decisions regarding all of these actions are to
30、 be made based on the objectives of the study and its data quality requirements.7. Sampling with Passive MonitorsDiffusive Samplers7.1 Inspect the monitorsampler and package carefully. The monitorsampler or its protective packaging may have been damagedduring shipment. The Depending on the type of s
31、ampler and its subsequent analysis, the user should not directly contact themonitorsampler with bare skin and, in no case, permit anything to contact the sampling face.opening or surface.7.2 Calibration of the Passive MonitorSampling Time (Exposure Period)Information relating to calibration may be f
32、oundin PracticeDetermine the required sampling time from the manufacturers guidance and taking in to account the sampling ratespublished for D4597. These documents also provide information relating to the determination of the required minimum samplingtime.the specific target compounds. Determine if
33、the associated analytical sensitivity will be sufficient given the study objectivesand the expected air concentrations.NOTE 1Information relating to calibration of the system used for subsequent analysis is described separately, in relevant standards (for example,Practice D6196).D6306 1727.3 The sam
34、pling period begins when the lid, cover, or protective container of the monitorsampler is removed to permitsampling by the monitor.air to enter the sampler. The starting date and time of the sampling period should be transcribed to alogbook or an appropriate form and on the monitorsampler label. The
35、 writing instrument, for example, markers, a marker, shouldnot provide the potential of be a source of potential contamination to the monitor. A sample. An adequate means of resealing orreplacing the monitorsampler lid or cover should be ensured. (See, for example, Practice D6196.)7.4 The monitorEac
36、h sampler should have a permanently attached identification code or serial number that should be transcribedto a logbook or an appropriate form. The logbook should include information describing the location of the monitoreach samplerand pertinent information regarding the building and the deploymen
37、t area, such as construction, type of heating system, insulation,occupancy number and patterns, and major appliance location. A room deployment should additionally list location within theroom: activities, general location of furnishings, possible sinks/sources, vents, and locations of major applian
38、ces, presence ofpossible sinks/sources, locations of air vents and air management systems, and other relevant features. Include a diagram of thesampling location and building, depicting the information listed in this subsection. locations in the building or study area, depictingthe major features li
39、sted herein. If the occupant deploys the monitor, sufficientsamplers, detailed instructions should beincludedprovided regarding proper location selection and sampling procedures. AAn organized form should be includedprovidedfor easy collection of occupant information necessary for logbook entries.re
40、corded information.7.5 If the monitorsampler is deployed for other than a screening measurement, the monitorsampler should be placed by anexperienced professional familiar with the monitor used. For specific diagnostic measurements, a deviation from the guidelines inthis document is permissible.samp
41、ler used.7.6 Recovery of the Passive Monitor:Diffusive Sampler:7.6.1 The sampling or exposure period is terminated when the monitor is sealed and removed from the samplingenvironment.sampler is sealed so that air can no longer enter the sampler.7.6.2 Record the time and date for measurement terminat
42、iondate and time of termination of sample collection in a logbook oron anyan appropriate form and on the monitor label. Any damage to the monitor or variation in the monitor placement sincedeployment should be noted in the logbook or on any appropriate form.sampler label.7.6.3 Adequate information s
43、hould be entered into the logbook or an appropriate form to permit interpretation of results andcomparison to similar measurements. assessment of data quality and the interpretation of results. Any variation in the samplinglocation, building structure, or building systems should be noted.recorded.7.
44、6.4 The monitorsampler should be analyzed within the time specifications of the specific monitorsampler used.D6306 1738. Procedure8.1 Factors Affecting Use of Passive Monitors:Diffusive Sampler:8.1.1 Detection LimitThe detection limitsampling rate for the passive monitordiffusive sampler may preclud
45、e obtaining usefulresults if the concentration in the test area is insufficient to exceed the analytical detection limit during the minimum samplingduration.8.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling DurationThe duration of sampling can affect the results obtained. If the concentration in the airis low, a short sampl
46、ing time may not produce an acceptable mass of sampled material on the monitor. Monitorssampler. Samplersmay require a minimum sampling duration to achieve representativemeasureable results.8.1.2 AccuracyThe accuracy of the monitorsampler selected should be appropriate for the testing purpose. The d
47、uration ofsampling and the exposure concentration purpose of the study. Variations in sampling rate associated with air movement in thevicinity of the sampler may affect the technically claimed accuracy (see accuracy.10.2).8.1.3 PrecisionPrecision of all monitorssamplers should be determined for eac
48、h use through the application of sampler lotblanks, field blank samples, duplicates, and laboratory controls. Five percent of the monitors should be held for blanks and 10 %used as duplicates controls associated with analysis (see 10.210.3).8.1.4 SelectivityThe monitorsampler chosen should be as sel
49、ective as possible for the contaminant species and concentrationrange of interest to avoid problems of interference.8.1.5 InterferencesSome passive monitors will measure The analysis of some diffusive samplers may include themeasurement of multiple contaminants as a single integrated result, that is, poor selectivity. The concentration of the interferingspecies may or may not significantly affect the results of the intended species of interest. Any interfering species should beinvestigated for concentration and deleterious effectHigh concentrations of interfering
