1、Designation: D 6399 04Standard Guide forSelecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring AirQuality In Aircraft Cabins1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information and guidance for theselection of instrumentation and test methods for measuring
3、airquality in aircraft passenger cabins as well as in areas limitedto flightcrew access.1.2 This guide assumes that a list of pollutants to bemeasured, or analytes of interest, which are present, or may bepresent, in aircraft cabins is available.1.3 This guide provides information and guidance to id
4、en-tify levels of concern pertaining to public and occupationalexposures to relevant air pollutants. This guide does notaddress levels of concern, if any, related to degradation ofmaterials or aircraft components because of the presence of airpollutants.1.4 Based on levels of concern for public and
5、occupationalexposures for each pollutant of interest, this guide providesrecommendations for developing three aspects of data qualityobjectives (a) detection limit; (b) precision; and (c) bias.1.5 This guide summarizes information on technologies formeasurement of different groups or classes of air
6、pollutants toprovide a basis for selection of instruments and methods. Theguide also identifies information resources on types of avail-able measurement systems.1.6 This guide provides general recommendations for selec-tion of instruments and methods. These recommendations arebased on concepts assoc
7、iated with data quality objectivesdiscussed in this guide and the information on availableinstruments and methods summarized in this guide.1.7 This guide is specific to chemical contaminants and doesnot address bioaerosols, which may be present in the cabinenvironment.1.8 This guide does not provide
8、 details on use or operationof instruments or methods for the measurement of cabin airquality.1.9 This guide does not provide information on the designof a monitoring strategy, including issues such as frequency ofmeasurement or placement of samplers.1.10 Users of this guide should be familiar with,
9、 or haveaccess to, individuals who have a background in (a) use ofinstruments and methods for measurement of air pollutants and(b) principles of toxicology and health-effects of environmentalexposure to air pollutants.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
10、associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis
11、ofAtmospheresD 1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relatingto Atmospheric AnalysisD 3162 Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmo-sphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infra-red Spectrometry)D 3631 Test Methods for Measuring Atmospheric PressureD 4023 Terminology Relating to
12、Humidity MeasurementsD 4490 Practice for Measuring the Concentration of ToxicGases or Vapors Using Detector TubesD 4861 Practice for Sampling and Selection of AnalyticalTechniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenylsin AirD 5149 Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Con-tinuous Measuremen
13、t by Ethylene ChemiluminescenceD 5156 Test Methods for Continuous Measurement ofOzone in Ambient, Workplace, and Indoor Atmospheres(Ultraviolet Absorption)D 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehydeand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)D 5466 Test Method for Determi
14、nation of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published
15、 May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6399 - 99a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、 Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD 6245 Guide for Us
17、ing Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concen-trations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation2.2 Other Standards:14 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to HazardousChemicals in Laboratories40 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards40 CFR 53 Ambient Air Monitoring Re
18、ference and Equiva-lent Methods40 CFR 60 Standards of Performance for New StationarySourcesAppendix A: Test MethodsRTCA/DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Proce-dures for Airborne Equipment3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology D 1356.3.2
19、Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 analyte, ndesignated chemical species to be mea-sured by a monitor or to be identified and quantitated by ananalyzer.3.2.2 bioaerosol, nairborne material of biological origin,including viable microorganisms, pollens, spores, bacteria,viruses, alle
20、rgens, and biological debris.3.2.3 ceiling limit, na maximum allowable air concentra-tion, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Ad-ministration (OSHA), that must not be exceeded during anypart of the workday.3.2.4 concentration range, na semiquantitative term re-ferring to the extreme u
21、ppermost portion of the distribution ofanticipated measurements. This term (and the dose or riskanalogues) traditionally refers to the portion of the distributionthat conceptually falls above about the 98thpercentile of thedistribution, but is not higher than the highest individualmeasurement.3.2.5
22、data quality objectives (DQOs), nqualitative andquantitative statements of the overall level of uncertainty thata decision-maker is willing to accept in results or decisionsderived from environmental data. Minimum DQOs includemethod detection limit, precision, and bias.3.2.6 level of concern, nan ex
23、posure level or concentra-tion that is not to be exceeded by regulation or, for unregulatedpollutants, an exposure level or concentration that is believedto be associated with odor, sensory irritation, and other adversehealth or toxic effects.3.2.7 lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), nthel
24、owest exposure at which there is a significant increase in anobservable effect.3.2.8 no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), nthehighest exposure among all the available experimental studiesat which no adverse health or toxic effect is observed.3.2.9 overall uncertainty (OU), nquantity used to cha
25、rac-terize, as a whole, the statistical uncertainty of a measurementresult compared to a true or accepted value. The overalluncertainty is expressed as a percentage that combines bias andprecision. For a given statistical confidence level (Ns), theoverall percent uncertainty may be calculated using
26、the follow-ing formula:OU 5 S?X2 XREF? 1 NsXREFD3 100 (1)where:X= mean value of results of a number (n) of repeatedmeasurements,Xref= true or accepted reference value of measurementresult,s = standard deviation of a number (n) of repeatedmeasurements, andN = number of standard deviations from the me
27、an. Ngenerally takes value of 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to68 %, 95 %, and 99 % confidence intervals, respec-tively. Since the desired confidence interval is often90 % or more, a value of 1.7 or higher typically isused for N.For example, given a precision and bias of 610 %, and adesired confidence inte
28、rval of 95 %, the overall uncertaintyusing Eq 1 will be 30 %.3.2.10 permissible exposure limit (PEL), nthe OSHA-mandated time-weighted-average (TWA) concentration of achemical in air that must not be exceeded during any 8-hworkshift or 40-h work week.3.2.11 safety factor, na dimensionless number, gr
29、eaterthan unity, to account for incomplete understanding of errorsencountered in extrapolating exposure or health effects derivedfor one set of conditions or basis to another.3.2.12 spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations(SMACs), ndeveloped by the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration and
30、 the Committee on Toxicology fromthe National Research Council, based on exposure duration of1 h to 180 days.3.2.13 short-term-exposure limit (STEL), nAmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)-recommended 15-min TWA air concentration for a chemicalwhich should not be exceeded
31、at any time during a workday,even if the 8-h TWA concentration is within the threshold limitvalue (TLV).3.2.14 threshold limit value (TLV), nACGIH-recommended TWA air concentration of a chemical for anormal 8-h workday and a 40-h workweek, to which nearly allworkers may be repeatedly exposed without
32、 adverse effects.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides procedures and recommendationsfor the selection of test methods and equipment suited tomeasuring air quality in aircraft cabins.4.2 Major steps in the selection process include identifyingone or more levels of concern for each analyte to be
33、 monitored,selecting the most appropriate level of concern for eachanalyte, defining minimum data quality objectives that arecompatible with the level of concern, defining desirable oper-ating characteristics that are compatible with the aircraft cabinenvironment, and selecting instruments and test
34、methods thatmeet these objectives.D63990425. Significance and Use5.1 This guide may be used to identify instruments andmethods for measuring air quality in aircraft cabins. Suchmeasurements may be undertaken to:5.1.1 Conduct monitoring surveys to characterize the air-craft cabin environment and to a
35、ssess environmental condi-tions. Results of such measurements could then be comparedwith relevant standards or guidelines for assessment of healthand comfort of passengers and flight attendants.5.1.2 Investigate passenger and flight attendant complaints;or5.1.3 Measure and compare the performance of
36、 new mate-rials and systems for the aircraft cabin environment.6. Identify and Select Levels of Concern6.1 Identification and selection of the level of concern foreach analyte of interest is the most important basis for definingdata quality objectives. The level of concern for each analyte isdefined
37、 from review of applicable regulations, standards, andguidelines using procedures described below in 6.2 and 6.3.6.2 Use the following sources to compile levels of concernsfor each analyte3identified for monitoring:6.2.1 FAA Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 21), whichspecify acceptable exposure level
38、s for ozone, carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide, and cabin pressure that explicitly apply tothe aircraft cabin environment;6.2.2 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations(SMACs), which have been defined for chemicals underexposure conditions ranging from1hto180days for the spaceprogram;6.2.3 The Clean
39、 Air Act (40 CFR Part 50), which specifiesacceptable limits for general population exposure to criteriapollutants (ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfurdioxide, particulate matter, and lead), and also regulatespopulation exposure to emissions of nearly 200 hazardous airpollutants;6.2.4
40、The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29CFR 1910), which establishes PELs and ceiling concentrationsto protect workers against the health effects of exposure toapproximately 200 hazardous substances;6.2.5 ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Sub-stances and Physical Agents and Biologi
41、cal Exposure Values,which gives TLVs and STELs to define acceptable limits forworkplace exposure.6.2.6 AIHA Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Estab-lished Occupational Health Standards is a peer-revieweddocument that contains odor thresholds for a wide variety ofchemicals.6.2.7 For analytes not cov
42、ered by items 6.2.1-6.2.6, special-ized databases may be consulted to develop levels of concern.Such resources include the Agency for Toxic Substances andDisease Registry (ATSDR), the Health Effects AssessmentSummary Tables (HEAST), the Integrated Risk InformationSystem (IRIS), and the Registry of T
43、oxic Effects of ChemicalSubstances (RTECS) (1)4. Interpretation of these informationresources requires input from a qualified toxicologist.6.2.8 Table 1 gives an example of compilation of levels ofconcern for selected contaminants.6.3 Use the following approach to prioritize and selectlevels of conc
44、ern for each analyte5identified from the abovesources of data:6.3.1 Since regulations applicable to the aircraft cabinenvironment are developed based on the knowledge and dataspecific to that environment, give the highest priority to levelsof concern that are part of such regulations (for example, F
45、AAAirworthiness Standards). Similarly, available consensus-developed guidelines for cabin air quality should be also givenhigh priority because these are developed considering theeffects of air pollutants on passengers and flight attendants inthe aircraft cabin environment.6.3.2 Guidelines developed
46、 for the spacecraft environmentsuch as the SMACs developed for long-term exposures, suchas the 180-day exposure period, should be considered at thenext level of priority. The 180-day SMACs are based onhealth-effect considerations over such extended periods of timeand are applicable to astronauts. Th
47、ese are considered as thenext best alternative to cabin air quality standards or guidelinesfor passengers and flight attendants because the relative sus-ceptibility of passengers (that is, general public) as comparedto astronauts (that is, healthy worker population) is balancedagainst the duration o
48、f exposure (that is, 180-day continuousexposure for astronauts versus intermittent exposure over muchshorter periods of time for passengers or even flight atten-dants).6.3.3 The next level of priority is for environmental stan-dards such as ambient air quality standards that are developedconsidering
49、 health effects of exposures to air contaminants bythe public.6.3.4 The next level of priority is for standards or guidelinesfor occupational exposures. It should be pointed out that, whilethe aircraft cabin environment includes exposure of the generalpublic (passengers) and occupational exposure (flight atten-dants) in the same airspace, the limits of exposure for thepublic should be used, as those are more stringent. The reasonfor stringency is that the public includes segments of moresusceptible populations such as children, as compared tohealthy workers that are in
