1、Designation: D6399 10Standard Guide forSelecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring AirQuality in Aircraft Cabins1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information and guidance for theselection of instrumentation and test methods for measuring air
3、quality in aircraft passenger cabins as well as in areas limitedto flightcrew access.1.2 This guide assumes that a list of pollutants to bemeasured, or analytes of interest, which are present, or may bepresent, in aircraft cabins is available.1.3 This guide provides information and guidance to iden-
4、tify levels of concern pertaining to public and occupationalexposures to relevant air pollutants. This guide does notaddress levels of concern, if any, related to degradation ofmaterials or aircraft components because of the presence of airpollutants.1.4 Based on levels of concern for public and occ
5、upationalexposures for each pollutant of interest, this guide providesrecommendations for developing three aspects of data qualityobjectives (a) detection limit; (b) precision; and (c) bias.1.5 This guide summarizes information on technologies formeasurement of different groups or classes of air pol
6、lutants toprovide a basis for selection of instruments and methods. Theguide also identifies information resources on types of avail-able measurement systems.1.6 This guide provides general recommendations for selec-tion of instruments and methods. These recommendations arebased on concepts associat
7、ed with data quality objectivesdiscussed in this guide and the information on availableinstruments and methods summarized in this guide.1.7 This guide is specific to chemical contaminants and doesnot address bioaerosols, which may be present in the cabinenvironment.1.8 This guide does not provide de
8、tails on use or operationof instruments or methods for the measurement of cabin airquality.1.9 This guide does not provide information on the designof a monitoring strategy, including issues such as frequency ofmeasurement or placement of samplers.1.10 Users of this guide should be familiar with, or
9、 haveaccess to, individuals who have a background in (a) use ofinstruments and methods for measurement of air pollutants and(b) principles of toxicology and health-effects of environmentalexposure to air pollutants.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of m
10、easurement are included in thisstandard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
11、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relatingto Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD3162 Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmo-sphere (Continuous Me
12、asurement by Nondispersive Infra-red Spectrometry)D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements3D4490 Practice for Measuring the Concentration of ToxicGases or Vapors Using Detector TubesD4861 Practice for Sampling and Selection of An
13、alyticalTechniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenylsin AirD5149 Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Continu-ous Measurement by Ethylene ChemiluminescenceD5156 Test Methods for Continuous Measurement ofOzone in Ambient, Workplace, and Indoor Atmospheres(Ultraviolet Absorption)D5197 Te
14、st Method for Determination of Formaldehyde1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 2004 as D6399 - 04. DOI:10.1520/D6399-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.
16、 The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)D5466 Test Method for Determination of
17、 Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD6245 Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentra-tions to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and
18、 Ventilation2.2 Other Standards:14 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to HazardousChemicals in Laboratories40 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards40 CFR 53 AmbientAir Monitoring Reference and Equiva-lent Methods40 CFR 60 Standards of Performance for New Sta
19、tionarySourcesAppendix A: Test MethodsRTCA/DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Proce-dures for Airborne Equipment3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 analyte, ndesignated chem
20、ical species to be mea-sured by a monitor or to be identified and quantitated by ananalyzer.3.2.2 bioaerosol, nairborne material of biological origin,including viable microorganisms, pollens, spores, bacteria,viruses, allergens, and biological debris.3.2.3 ceiling limit, na maximum allowable air con
21、centra-tion, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Ad-ministration (OSHA), that must not be exceeded during anypart of the workday.3.2.4 concentration range, na semiquantitative term re-ferring to the extreme uppermost portion of the distribution ofanticipated measurements. This term (an
22、d the dose or riskanalogues) traditionally refers to the portion of the distributionthat conceptually falls above about the 98thpercentile of thedistribution, but is not higher than the highest individualmeasurement.3.2.5 data quality objectives (DQOs), nqualitative andquantitative statements of the
23、 overall level of uncertainty thata decision-maker is willing to accept in results or decisionsderived from environmental data. Minimum DQOs includemethod detection limit, precision, and bias.3.2.6 level of concern, nan exposure level or concentra-tion that is not to be exceeded by regulation or, fo
24、r unregulatedpollutants, an exposure level or concentration that is believedto be associated with odor, sensory irritation, and other adversehealth or toxic effects.3.2.7 lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), nthelowest exposure at which there is a significant increase in anobservable effect
25、.3.2.8 no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), nthehighest exposure among all the available experimental studiesat which no adverse health or toxic effect is observed.3.2.9 overall uncertainty (OU), nquantity used to charac-terize, as a whole, the statistical uncertainty of a measurementresult com
26、pared to a true or accepted value. The overalluncertainty is expressed as a percentage that combines bias andprecision. For a given statistical confidence level (Ns), theoverall percent uncertainty may be calculated using the follow-ing formula:OU 5 S?X2 XREF? 1 NsXREFD3 100 (1)where:X= mean value o
27、f results of a number (n) of repeatedmeasurements,Xref= true or accepted reference value of measurementresult,s = standard deviation of a number (n) of repeatedmeasurements, andN = number of standard deviations from the mean. Ngenerally takes value of 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to68 %, 95 %, and 99 % c
28、onfidence intervals, respec-tively. Since the desired confidence interval is often90 % or more, a value of 1.7 or higher typically isused for N.For example, given a precision and bias of 610 %, and adesired confidence interval of 95 %, the overall uncertaintyusing Eq 1 will be 30 %.3.2.10 permissibl
29、e exposure limit (PEL), nthe OSHA-mandated time-weighted-average (TWA) concentration of achemical in air that must not be exceeded during any 8-hworkshift or 40-h work week.3.2.11 safety factor, na dimensionless number, greaterthan unity, to account for incomplete understanding of errorsencountered
30、in extrapolating exposure or health effects derivedfor one set of conditions or basis to another.3.2.12 spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations(SMACs), ndeveloped by the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration and the Committee on Toxicology fromthe National Research Council, based on expos
31、ure duration of1 h to 180 days.3.2.13 short-term-exposure limit (STEL), nAmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)-recommended 15-min TWA air concentration for a chemicalwhich should not be exceeded at any time during a workday,even if the 8-h TWA concentration is within the t
32、hreshold limitvalue (TLV).3.2.14 threshold limit value (TLV), nACGIH-recommended TWA air concentration of a chemical for anormal 8-h workday and a 40-h workweek, to which nearly allworkers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides procedures and rec
33、ommendationsfor the selection of test methods and equipment suited tomeasuring air quality in aircraft cabins.4.2 Major steps in the selection process include identifyingone or more levels of concern for each analyte to be monitored,selecting the most appropriate level of concern for eachanalyte, de
34、fining minimum data quality objectives that areD6399 102compatible with the level of concern, defining desirable oper-ating characteristics that are compatible with the aircraft cabinenvironment, and selecting instruments and test methods thatmeet these objectives.5. Significance and Use5.1 This gui
35、de may be used to identify instruments andmethods for measuring air quality in aircraft cabins. Suchmeasurements may be undertaken to:5.1.1 Conduct monitoring surveys to characterize the air-craft cabin environment and to assess environmental condi-tions. Results of such measurements could then be c
36、omparedwith relevant standards or guidelines for assessment of healthand comfort of passengers and flight attendants.5.1.2 Investigate passenger and flight attendant complaints;or5.1.3 Measure and compare the performance of new mate-rials and systems for the aircraft cabin environment.6. Identify an
37、d Select Levels of Concern6.1 Identification and selection of the level of concern foreach analyte of interest is the most important basis for definingdata quality objectives. The level of concern for each analyte isdefined from review of applicable regulations, standards, andguidelines using proced
38、ures described below in 6.2 and 6.3.6.2 Use the following sources to compile levels of concernsfor each analyte4identified for monitoring:6.2.1 FAA Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 21), whichspecify acceptable exposure levels for ozone, carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide, and cabin pressure that explicit
39、ly apply tothe aircraft cabin environment;6.2.2 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations(SMACs), which have been defined for chemicals underexposure conditions ranging from1hto180days for the spaceprogram;6.2.3 The Clean Air Act (40 CFR Part 50), which specifiesacceptable limits for general popul
40、ation exposure to criteriapollutants (ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfurdioxide, particulate matter, and lead), and also regulatespopulation exposure to emissions of nearly 200 hazardous airpollutants;6.2.4 The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29CFR 1910), which establishe
41、s PELs and ceiling concentrationsto protect workers against the health effects of exposure toapproximately 200 hazardous substances;6.2.5 ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Sub-stances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Values,which gives TLVs and STELs to define acceptable limits fo
42、rworkplace exposure.6.2.6 AIHA Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Estab-lished Occupational Health Standards is a peer-revieweddocument that contains odor thresholds for a wide variety ofchemicals.6.2.7 For analytes not covered by items 6.2.1-6.2.6, special-ized databases may be consulted to develop
43、 levels of concern.Such resources include the Agency for Toxic Substances andDisease Registry (ATSDR), the Health Effects AssessmentSummary Tables (HEAST), the Integrated Risk InformationSystem (IRIS), and the Registry of Toxic Effects of ChemicalSubstances (RTECS) (1)5. Interpretation of these info
44、rmationresources requires input from a qualified toxicologist.6.2.8 Table 1 gives an example of compilation of levels ofconcern for selected contaminants.6.3 Use the following approach to prioritize and selectlevels of concern for each analyte6identified from the abovesources of data:6.3.1 Since reg
45、ulations applicable to the aircraft cabinenvironment are developed based on the knowledge and dataspecific to that environment, give the highest priority to levelsof concern that are part of such regulations (for example, FAAAirworthiness Standards). Similarly, available consensus-developed guidelin
46、es for cabin air quality should be also givenhigh priority because these are developed considering theeffects of air pollutants on passengers and flight attendants inthe aircraft cabin environment.6.3.2 Guidelines developed for the spacecraft environmentsuch as the SMACs developed for long-term expo
47、sures, suchas the 180-day exposure period, should be considered at thenext level of priority. The 180-day SMACs are based onhealth-effect considerations over such extended periods of timeand are applicable to astronauts. These are considered as thenext best alternative to cabin air quality standards
48、 or guidelinesfor passengers and flight attendants because the relative sus-ceptibility of passengers (that is, general public) as comparedto astronauts (that is, healthy worker population) is balancedagainst the duration of exposure (that is, 180-day continuousexposure for astronauts versus intermi
49、ttent exposure over muchshorter periods of time for passengers or even flight atten-dants).6.3.3 The next level of priority is for environmental stan-dards such as ambient air quality standards that are developedconsidering health effects of exposures to air contaminants bythe public.6.3.4 The next level of priority is for standards or guidelinesfor occupational exposures. It should be pointed out that, whilethe aircraft cabin environment includes exposure of the generalpublic (passengers) and occupational exposure (flight atten-dants) in the same airspace, the limit
