1、Designation: D6441 05 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Methods forMeasuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods determine and report the hidingpower of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:1.1.1 Test Me
3、thod AContrast Ratio at a given film thick-ness1.1.2 Test Method BFilm thickness at 0.98 (98 %) con-trast ratio.NOTE 1The measured parameters follow powder coating industrypractice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, ratherthan the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Meth
4、ods D344 andD2805 and other hiding power test methods.NOTE 2Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rateat 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding powerin Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.NOTE 3The contrast ratio 0.98 is con
5、ventionally accepted in thecoatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometrichiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it isslightly less than complete.1.2 These test methods cover the determination of thehiding power of powder coatings applied by elect
6、rostaticspraying.1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means ofreflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They arelimited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of15 %.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for
7、 informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices, and to determine in advancethe applicability of regulatory limitation
8、s prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicationsD344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints bythe Visual Evaluation of BrushoutsD2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-tometryD3451 Guide for Test
9、ing Coating Powders and PowderCoatingsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and
10、Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)Geometry2.2 Other Standard:1-GP-71 Method 14.7, Hiding Power, Contrast RatioMethod, October 198233. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 reflectance, nterm of wide applicability, referringherein to the luminou
11、s reflectance factor as defined in Termi-nology E284, and equivalent to the CIE Tristimulus value Ymeasured in accordance with Test Methods E1331, E1347 orTest Method E1349 with specular reflection excluded. It isexpressed as a percentage in this standard.3.1.2 white substrate, nFor purposes of this
12、 test, a sub-strate of neutral shade with a minimum reflectance of 78 %.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings.Current edition approved A
13、pril 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6441 10. DOI:10.1520/D6441-05R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum
14、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Canadian General Standards Board, (CGSB), 222 Queen St., Ottawa, Ont.,Canada K1A 1G6.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 black substrate
15、, nA substrate with a maximumreflectance of 1 %, which is effectively zero for the purpose ofmeasuring hiding power.3.1.4 white reflectance (RW), nReflectance of the appliedtest film over a white substrate of reflectance W.3.1.5 black reflectance (Ro), nReflectance of the appliedtest film over a bla
16、ck substrate.3.1.6 reflectivity (R), nThe reflectance of a coating ap-plied thickly enough to be completely opaque, as evidenced byequal reflectance over the black and a white test substrate.3.1.7 contrast ratio (CW), n(1) The ratio of the reflectanceof a film applied on a black substrate to a film
17、of equalthickness applied on a white substrate. (2) An instrumentalmeasure of film opacity.3.1.7.1 DiscussionContrast ratio can be expressed as adecimal fraction (RO/RW) or as a percentage (100RO/RW), thelatter being preferred for the general concept of hiding oropacity, and employed in these test m
18、ethods.3.1.8 opacity, nThe degree to which a coating film hides ablack and white substrate, as perceived visually or as measuredinstrumentally, (see contrast ratio defined in 3.1.7).3.1.9 wedge of coating, nA film of coating having a rangeof film thickness giving a corresponding range of opacities o
19、na black and white substrate. (see Fig. 1).3.2 Definitions of Symbols Used in Calculations Specific toThis Standard:3.2.1 T, nthe specified or measured thickness of the testcoating on the substrate.3.2.2 to,nthe amount by which the black substrate ex-ceeds the white substrate in thickness.3.2.3 T, n
20、T + to; the thickness reading corresponding to Tover the black substrate when measured with the gage cali-brated to the white substrate as zero.3.3 For additional definitions applicable to these test meth-ods see Terminology E284.NOTE 1Shows black and white substrate areas exposed after removal of m
21、asking tape.FIG. 1 “Wedge” Film ApplicationD6441 05 (2016)24. Summary of Test Method4.1 Test Method AContrast Ratio (CW) at a Specified FilmThickness:4.1.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on a specified testpanel.4.1.2 Several pairs of points are encircled over the black andwhite substrate at th
22、e specified coating thickness, their reflec-tances ROand RWare measured, and their contrast ratios (CW= 100 RO/RW) calculated.4.1.3 The mean contrast ratio for the panel is calculated.4.2 Test Method BFilm Thickness (T98) at a ContrastRatio of 98 %:4.2.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on the sp
23、ecifiedtest panel.4.2.2 Several equal thickness pairs of black and whitesubstrate points, at varying thicknesses, are located and theircontrast ratios determined.4.2.3 Contrast ratio versus film thickness is plotted onsuitable graph paper, and the thickness at T98determined fromthe graph.5. Signific
24、ance and Use5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a usefulhiding power parameter for production control and purchasingspecifications.5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is requiredper unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hidingpower is therefore important in
25、 regard to coating costs and forcomparing coating value.6. Apparatus and Material6.1 Reflectometer, that measures the luminous reflectancefactor, (specular reflection excluded) using CIE standard illu-minant C and the CIE 1931 (2) standard observer, in accor-dance with Test Method E1331, E1347 or E1
26、349. The instru-ment shall be capable of viewing a diameter of at least 3 to 5mm (18 to316 in.).NOTE 4Other observer-illuminant combinations and apertures may beused by agreement.6.2 Test Panels: Smooth, glossy, pre-painted steel panels,thickness approximately 0.28 mm (0.011 in.), divided equallyint
27、o black and white areas by a straight boundary. The blackarea shall have a maximum reflectance of 1 % and the whitearea a minimum reflectance of 78 %. The white area shall notyellow or darken appreciably when subjected to a normalpowder coating baking schedule.4(see Fig. 2 for commerciallyavailable
28、sizes.)NOTE 5Some test panels require a pre-bake before using, to expelresidual volatiles that can create pinholes in the subsequently appliedpowder coating. When necessary pre-bake for 10 min at 180C (350F) toeliminate this problem.6.3 Suitable equipment for applying and baking the testcoatings.6.4
29、 Electronic Gage, adequately sensitive for measuringcoating film thickness.6.5 Heat-Resistant Tape, 20-mm (34-in.) wide, easily re-moved after baking, leaving no discoloration or adhesiveresidue.56.6 Permanent Marker, extra fine point.6.7 Suitable Graph Paper.7. MeasurementsGeneral Rules7.1 For each
30、 powder and test method, fill out an individualwork sheet in the form of a table (see Fig. 3 for Test MethodA, Fig. 4 for Test Method B), into which all test data andcalculated values are entered in the indicated locations.7.2 Measure reflectance as a percentage to two decimalplaces. Calculate (or m
31、easure) contrast ratio (CW) as a percent-age (100RB/RW) to two decimal places, and report final resultsto one decimal place.4The sole source of supply of panels known to the committee at this time is theLeneta Company, 15 Whitney Rd., Mahwah, NJ 07430. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, pleas
32、e provide this Information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.5The sole source of supply of the tape, Product No. 8902 known to thecommittee at this time is 3M industrial Tape Di
33、vision; 3M Center 220-8E-04; St.Paul, MN 55144. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisInformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.FIG. 2 Examples of Co
34、mmercially Available Test PanelsD6441 05 (2016)37.3 The circles drawn to locate measurement points must beat least larger than the measurement opening of the reflecto-meter.7.4 Measure thickness as accurately as possible, reporting tonearest 1.3 micrometers (0.05 mils), or closer if possible.8. Cali
35、bration and Panel Preparation8.1 Select a panel and pre-bake if necessary, as discussed inNote 5.8.2 Locate and encircle a point of mean thickness in thewhite and in the black areas about 20-mm (34 in.) from thepanel edge, and mask each point with a short length of thespecified tape, extending over
36、the edge.8.3 With the panel thus prepared, apply the test coating as athickness “wedge,” cure at the specified schedule, then removethe tapes to expose the uncoated white and black substratepoints (see Fig. 1).8.4 Recalibrate the film thickness gage to zero on thewhite-substrate points, measure the
37、thickness of the blacksubstrate point and record as t0in the indicated location of therelevant work sheet in the form of a table (see 7.1).NOTE 6The black substrate is always thicker than the white by anamount t0that is determined for each panel.NOTE 7With thickness gages capable of dual calibration
38、, calibratealso to zero on the black substrate point and store both the white and blackcalibrations.8.5 Measure the coating reflectance of one panel for eachtest coating, at a location of visually complete opacity. Recordthis value as the reflectivity Rof the coating, in the indicatedlocation of the
39、 work table.9. Procedure and CalculationsTest Method A, PercentContrast Ratio (CW) at a Given Film Thickness9.1 Use Fig. 3 for entries in this test method.9.2 Record the thickness (T) for which the contrast ratio isto be determined.NOTE 8For significance and adequate sensitivity, the thickness shoul
40、dbe such that the mean contrast ratio is not much over 98 % and preferablyless.9.3 Enter the value T as the reading on the black substratecorresponding to the coating thickness T.(T=T+t0).9.4 Find and encircle five pairs of points over the black andthe white substrates, where the powder coating is a
41、t thespecified thickness T.FIG. 3 Work Table for Test Method AD6441 05 (2016)49.5 Measure the reflectances of each pair of points and enterin the ROand RWcolumns of the table, then calculate thecontrast ratio (CW= 100 RO/RW) for each pair.NOTE 9Some reflectance instruments can measure the contrast r
42、atiodirectly. In that case, pair the equal-thickness points randomly for contrastratio measurements and record values.9.6 Calculate and record the mean contrast ratio CWforeach panel, and then the grand mean for all panels.10. Procedure and CalculationsTest Method B, FilmThickness (T98) at 98 % Cont
43、rast Ratio10.1 Use Fig. 4 for entries in this test method.10.2 Encircle five points in the coated black-substrate areaat locations where the contrast ratio varies up to about 98 % asrecognized visually by familiarity with past results, or bycomparison with a previously prepared visual standard.10.3
44、Measure the thickness value T of each of the fiveencircled points, and subtract t0from each value to obtain thetrue thickness T of the powder coating at those points.10.4 For each of the points located in 10.3, locate andencircle a point of equal powder coating thickness in thewhite-substrate area.N
45、OTE 10Since the gage is calibrated to zero on the white substrate,the gage reading here needs no correction.10.5 For each pair of equal thickness points, measure andrecord the reflectances R0and RW, then calculate and recordCW= 100 R0/RW. Do not search for 98 % contrast ratio pairs.NOTE 11With instr
46、uments that can measure the contrast ratio directly,reflectances need not be measured.10.6 Plot CWversus film thickness (T) on suitable graphpaper, (see Fig. 5) then draw the best-fit straight line, and selectthe best graph-point for T98.NOTE 12Do not plot graph-points outside the contrast ratio ran
47、ge of96.5 to 98.5 %. If the plotted points do not give an adequate indication ofT98, locate and plot additional equal thickness pairs.10.7 Enter into the table the T98value for each panel, andthe grand mean for all panels.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 The identity of the sub
48、ject coating,11.1.2 The cure conditions employed for the test panels,11.1.3 Test Method A: Contrast ratio _% at film thick-ness of _micrometers (_mils),FIG. 4 Work Table for Test Method BD6441 05 (2016)5FIG. 5 Test Method BFilm Thickness at 98 % Contrast Ratio-ColorD6441 05 (2016)611.1.4 Test Method
49、 B: Film thickness (T98) at 98 % Con-trast Ratio _micrometers (_mils),11.1.5 Reflectivity (R) of the coating _%,11.1.6 General color and gloss description (for example,light green semi-gloss), and11.1.7 Reflectometer Descriptionmanufacturer, model,aperture size, and shape, bidirectional or spherical, and anyother measurement parameters deemed significant.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionIn an inter-laboratory study of Test Meth-ods A and B, operators in 5 different laboratories measured 3test co
