1、Designation: D 6460 07Standard Test Method forDetermination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP)Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels fromStormwater-Induced Erosion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the guidelines, requirementsan
3、d procedures for evaluating the ability of Rolled ErosionControl Products (RECPs) to protect earthen channels fromstormwater-induced erosion. Critical elements of this protec-tion are the ability of the RECP to:1.1.1 Neutralize and absorb the hydraulic force of stormwa-ter, thereby reducing soil par
4、ticle loosening through “scour”mechanisms;1.1.2 Slow runoff and encourage sedimentation, therebyreducing soil particle transport downstream;1.1.3 Absorb shear forces of overland flow;1.1.4 Trap soil particles beneath; and1.1.5 Promote the establishment of vegetation.1.2 This test method utilizes ful
5、l-scale testing procedures,rather than reduced-scale (bench-scale) simulation, and ispatterned after conditions typically found on construction sitesprior to and after revegetation work. Further, procedures forevaluation of baseline conditions are provided. Thus, testpreparation, test execution, dat
6、a collection, data analysis andreporting procedures herein are intended to be suitable fortesting of bare soil, unvegetated RECP, vegetated soil andvegetated RECP conditions.1.3 This test method provides a comparative evaluation ofan unvegetated RECP to baseline bare soil conditions and avegetated R
7、ECP to a baseline, vegetated condition undercontrolled and documented conditions.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses areprovided for information purposes only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
8、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupation
9、al Health and Safety Administration) guidelines, whileusing the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics o
10、f Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Sand-Cone MethodD 2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit,
11、andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextilesby the Wide-Width Strip MethodD 6475 Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area ofErosion Control BlanketsD 6526 Test Method for Analysis of Toluene by CapillaryColumn Gas ChromatographyD 6567 Test Method for Measu
12、ring the Light Penetration ofa Turf Reinforcement Mat (TRM)D 6818 Test Method for Ultimate Tensile Properties of TurfReinforcement Mats3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 erosion control blanket (ECB), na degradable ma-terial, composed primarily of processed natura
13、l organic mate-rials, manufactured or fabricated into rolls designed to reduce1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock; Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and Sediment Control Technology; and isthe direct responsibility of Section .02 on Erosion Control Blankets (
14、ECBs).Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 6460 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar
15、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.soil erosion and assist in the growth, establishment andprotection of vegetation.3.1.2 erosion con
16、trol net (ECN), na planar woven naturalfiber or extruded synthetic mesh used as a component in themanufacture of ECBs.3.1.3 index test, na test procedure which may contain aknown bias, but which may be used to establish an order for aset of specimens with respect to the property of interest.3.1.4 lo
17、t, na unit of production, or a group of other unitsor packages, taken for sampling or statistical examination,having one or more common properties and being readilyseparable from other similar units.3.1.5 natural, na class name of various fibers of animal,mineral or vegetable origin.3.1.6 open weave
18、 textile (OWT), na temporary degradableECB composed of natural or polymer yarns woven into amatrix used to provide erosion control and facilitate vegetationestablishment.3.1.7 point gauge assembly, nan adjustable, calibratedrack assembly mounted to a manually controlled pinion used todetermine the d
19、istance from a surface to a plane of reference.Typically, a point gauge assembly is mounted to a dataacquisition cart traversing a hydraulic testing flume and mea-sures the relative distance from a surface within the flume tothe zero mark of the pinion housing. The rack is graduated andadjustable to
20、 accommodate variable offsets. Distance can berecorded manually or electronically.3.1.8 polymer, na chemical compound or mixture ofcompounds formed by polymerization and consisting essen-tially of repeating molecular structural units.3.1.9 rolled erosion control product (RECP), na tempo-rary degrada
21、ble or long-term non-degradable material manu-factured or fabricated into rolls designed to reduce soil erosionand assist in the growth, establishment and protection ofvegetation.3.1.10 sample, na portion of material which is taken fortesting or documentation and used in the laboratory as a sourceof
22、 individual specimens.3.1.11 shear stress, nthe force of flowing water applied tothe surface of a channel in Newtons per square meter (poundsper square foot); also, commonly referred to as “tractive force.”3.1.12 temporary degradable, adjcomposed of biologi-cally, photochemically or otherwise degrad
23、able materials thattemporarily reduces soil erosion and enhances the establish-ment of vegetation.3.1.13 turf reinforcement mat (TRM), nin erosion control,a non-degradable geosynthetic or geocomposite processed intoa matrix sufficient to increase the stability threshold of other-wise unreinforced es
24、tablished vegetation.3.1.13.1 DiscussionProducts in this category may incor-porate ancillary degradable components to enhance the germi-nation and establishment of vegetation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The performance of an RECP in reducing stormwater-induced erosion is determined by subjecting th
25、e material tosimulated stormwater flow in a controlled and documentedenvironment in reference to identical testing on baselineconditions.4.2 Key elements of the testing process include:4.2.1 Calibration of the stormwater simulation and measure-ment equipment;4.2.2 Preparation of the test channel;4.2
26、.3 Documentation of the RECP to be tested (if appli-cable);4.2.4 Installation of the RECP (if applicable);4.2.5 Establishment of vegetative stand (if applicable);4.2.6 Execution of the test;4.2.7 Collection of hydraulic, topographical, and associateddata;4.2.8 Analysis of the resultant data; and4.2.
27、9 Reporting.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates RECPs and their means ofinstallation to:5.1.1 Reduce soil loss and sediment concentrations instormwater runoff under conditions of varying channel condi-tions and soil type;5.1.2 Function within a composite system acting as vegeta-tiv
28、e reinforcement; and5.1.3 Improve water quality exiting the area disturbed byearthwork activity by minimizing mobilization of in-situ par-ticles within the streambed.5.2 This test method models and examines conditions typi-cally found on construction sites involving earthwork activi-ties, including:
29、 highways and roads; airports; residential, com-mercial and industrial developments; pipelines, mines, andlandfills; golf courses; etc.5.3 This test method is a performance test, but can be usedfor quality control to determine product conformance to projectspecifications. Caution is advised since in
30、formation regardinglaboratory specific precision is incomplete. For project specificconformance, unique project-specific conditions should betaken into consideration.6. Apparatus6.1 Water Delivery SystemThe water delivery systemshall include pump(s), piping, channels, water control struc-tures, and
31、water measurement instrumentation as necessary toachieve the desired hydraulic conditions. The water controlstructures shall regulate and direct the flow into the desired testchannel. Fig. 1 presents a schematic showing an example of aseries of test channels and water delivery system. The waterdeliv
32、ery system shall be constructed such that turbulence at theentrance to the test channel is minimized. Use of flowstraighteners (for example, tube racks or vanes) are recom-mended to reduce turbulence and achieve uniform flow condi-tions. A direct flow system (that is, controlled flow divertedfrom a
33、natural waterway) may also be employed for thispurpose. Testing of bare soil conditions requires minimalchannel gradient and minimal water flow. Testing of vegetated,reinforced conditions typically requires steep gradient channelsand a maximum discharge in excess of 2.8 cubic meters persecond (cms)
34、(98.9 cubic feet per second (cfs).6.2 Water SourceWater derived for testing may be gravityfed or pump supplied to the testing facility in a closed loop orpass through system. Water delivered should be regulated toD6460072ensure consistent discharge and be free of debris with little orno turbidity. D
35、ischarge must be measured by hydraulic controlstructure, calibrated hydraulic structure or calibrated meter.6.3 Survey ApparatusChannel gradient must be measuredin a three-dimensional coordinate system with respect to afixed benchmark. A total station apparatus or survey level isrequired to determin
36、e elevations within the test reach. The totalstation system is a standard surveying instrument capable ofmeasuring distance simultaneously with vertical and horizontalangles to determine the coordinates of a location (that is, X, Yand Z axis) within a defined coordinate system and store thedata elec
37、tronically in a data logger. In lieu of a total stationsystem, manual surveying equipment may be used. Precisionand bias of either instrument must be known. Soil loss may berecorded using survey apparatus referenced to a known benchmark or by calibrated point gauge assembly referenced torelative loc
38、ations within the facility.6.4 Velocity ProbeA propeller-type probe shall be used toidentify flow conditions during test operation. In lieu of apropeller-type probe, other velocity measurement devices in-cluding electromagnetic or sonic type flow meters may beused, provided that equivalent accuracy
39、(65 %) is achievable.Periodic calibration and certification of this equipment shall beperformed.6.5 Earthwork EquipmentTypical equipment utilized inconstruction of test channels includes: skid loader, wheelbarrow, hand tamper, shovels, rakes, vibratory plate compactorand excavation template.6.6 Geot
40、echnical Testing EquipmentEquipment sufficientto conduct testing described in Test Methods D 422, C 136,D 698, D 4318, D 1556, and D 2922. Geotechnical evaluationmay be outsourced to a laboratory with sufficient equipmentand expertise to conduct sediment characteristic evaluation.6.7 Vegetative Stan
41、d Quantification EquipmentA cali-brated template used to ensure height of vegetation andcounting box are necessary for vegetated testing. Vegetation iscut to a specific, uniform stand height by placing a template onthe soil surface and trimming blades/stems at the top of thetemplate. An open, square
42、 box is used to count vegetationstems and blades to determine stand density. The box may beconstructed of metal or wood with an internal opening mea-suring 76.2 mm (3 in.) square and 25.4 to 50.8 mm (1 to 2 in.)in height.6.8 Photographic EquipmentAt a minimum, still andvideo footage must be recorded
43、 throughout the preparation andtesting process to document the testing. 35 mm still and 8 mmvideo formats or digital equivalents are acceptable.6.9 MiscellaneousOther miscellaneous equipment in-cludes: meteorological equipment (wind speed, temperature,precipitation).7. Procedure7.1 Test Channel Prep
44、aration:7.1.1 Construct earthen test channels using conventionalearthwork placement techniques. A rectangular or trapezoidalcross section channel may be used; however, a rectangularchannel is recommended for consistency of construction andexplicit computation of shear stress. Perform compaction ofch
45、annel bed material to create a geotechnically (structurally)stable subgrade. General soil types to be used for testing shallbe loam, clay and sand. Target grain sizes and plasticity indicesare included in Table 1. Fig. 2 presents a schematic showing atypical test channel profile. Record geotechnical
46、 characteristicsin file to include: visual description and classification, grainsize distribution (course and sub 200 fraction), plasticityindices, moisture-density relationship, USDA,ASTM or USCSclassification and in-situ compaction.7.1.2 Plate the channel surface with a minimum 30.5-cm(12-in.) thi
47、ck veneer of test soil. Place soil in a minimum oftwo lifts and compact to 90 6 3 % of standard Proctor densityin accordance with Test Method D 698. In the case previoustesting was completed in channel, remove top layer of soil to adepth of 25.4 mm (1 in.) deeper than deepest erosion andreplace vene
48、er. In-situ density of soil must be measured foreach lift utilizing Test Methods D 1556 or D 2922.7.1.3 Excavate and fill the soil surface to the design crosssection and grade and ensure a smooth surface throughout thetest reach. The test channel may be comprised of a trapezoidalFIG. 1 Typical Close
49、d Looped Water Delivery SystemTABLE 1 Target Grain Sizes and Plasticity IndicesSand Loam ClayD100(mm) D10040 D10025 D10010D85(mm) 1.0 D8510.0 0.5D855.0 0.01D851.0D50(mm) 0.08 D502.0 0.01D501.0 0.001D500.1D15(mm) 0.001 D150.05 D15D15 0.0015Plasticity Index nonplastic 1 PI 8 14 PID6460073cross section or rectangular cross section. Trapezoidal crosssection should incorporate a 0.61-m (2-ft) bottom width and2H:1V side slopes. A rectangular cross section must be 0.61 m(2 ft) minimum in width. The test channels shall be a minimumof 12.2 m (40 ft) in length.7.1.4 Lo
