1、Designation: D6460 12Standard Test Method forDetermination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP)Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels fromStormwater-Induced Erosion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the guidelines, requirementsand
3、procedures for evaluating the ability of Rolled ErosionControl Products (RECPs) to protect earthen channels fromstormwater-induced erosion. Critical elements of this protec-tion are the ability of the RECP to:1.1.1 Neutralize and absorb the hydraulic force of stormwa-ter, thereby reducing soil parti
4、cle loosening through “scour”mechanisms;1.1.2 Slow runoff and encourage sedimentation, therebyreducing soil particle transport downstream;1.1.3 Absorb shear forces of overland flow;1.1.4 Trap soil particles beneath; and1.1.5 Promote the establishment of vegetation.1.2 This test method utilizes full-
5、scale testing procedures,rather than reduced-scale (bench-scale) simulation, and ispatterned after conditions typically found on construction sitesprior to and after revegetation work. Further, procedures forevaluation of baseline conditions are provided. Thus, testpreparation, test execution, data
6、collection, data analysis andreporting procedures herein are intended to be suitable fortesting of bare soil, unvegetated RECP, vegetated soil andvegetated RECP conditions.1.3 This test method provides a comparative evaluation ofan unvegetated RECP to baseline bare soil conditions and avegetated REC
7、P to a baseline, vegetated condition undercontrolled and documented conditions.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses areprovided for information purposes only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
8、 if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupational
9、 Health and Safety Administration) guidelines, whileusing the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soi
10、l Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodD2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregatein Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)3D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticit
11、y Index of SoilsD4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles bythe Wide-Width Strip MethodD6475 Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area ofErosion Control BlanketsD6525 Test Method for Measuring Nominal Thickness ofPermanent Rolled Erosion Control ProductsD6526 Test Method for Analysi
12、s of Toluene by CapillaryColumn Gas ChromatographyD6566 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area ofTurf Reinforcement MatsD6567 Test Method for Measuring the Light Penetration ofa Turf Reinforcement Mat (TRM)D6818 Test Method for Ultimate Tensile Properties of TurfReinforcement Mats3. Terminolog
13、y3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock; Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and Sediment Control Technology; and isthe direct responsibility of Section .02 on Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs).Current edition appr
14、oved March 1, 2012. Published April 2012. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D646007. DOI:10.1520/D6460-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
15、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
16、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 erosion control blanket (ECB), na degradable ma-terial, composed primarily of processed natural organic mate-rials, manufactured or fabricated into rolls designed to reducesoil erosion and assist in the growth, establishment andprotectio
17、n of vegetation.3.1.2 erosion control net (ECN), na planar woven naturalfiber or extruded synthetic mesh used as a component in themanufacture of ECBs.3.1.3 index test, na test procedure which may contain aknown bias, but which may be used to establish an order for aset of specimens with respect to
18、the property of interest.3.1.4 lot, na unit of production, or a group of other unitsor packages, taken for sampling or statistical examination,having one or more common properties and being readilyseparable from other similar units.3.1.5 natural, na class name of various fibers of animal,mineral or
19、vegetable origin.3.1.6 open weave textile (OWT), na temporary degradableECB composed of natural or polymer yarns woven into amatrix used to provide erosion control and facilitate vegetationestablishment.3.1.7 point gauge assembly, nan adjustable, calibratedrack assembly mounted to a manually control
20、led pinion used todetermine the distance from a surface to a plane of reference.Typically, a point gauge assembly is mounted to a dataacquisition cart traversing a hydraulic testing flume and mea-sures the relative distance from a surface within the flume tothe zero mark of the pinion housing. The r
21、ack is graduated andadjustable to accommodate variable offsets. Distance can berecorded manually or electronically.3.1.8 polymer, na chemical compound or mixture ofcompounds formed by polymerization and consisting essen-tially of repeating molecular structural units.3.1.9 rolled erosion control prod
22、uct (RECP), na tempo-rary degradable or long-term non-degradable material manu-factured or fabricated into rolls designed to reduce soil erosionand assist in the growth, establishment and protection ofvegetation.3.1.10 sample, na portion of material which is taken fortesting or documentation and use
23、d in the laboratory as a sourceof individual specimens.3.1.11 shear stress, nthe force of flowing water applied tothe surface of a channel in Newtons per square meter (poundsper square foot); also, commonly referred to as “tractive force.”3.1.12 temporary degradable, adjcomposed of biologi-cally, ph
24、otochemically or otherwise degradable materials thattemporarily reduces soil erosion and enhances the establish-ment of vegetation.3.1.13 turf reinforcement mat (TRM), nin erosion control,a non-degradable geosynthetic or geocomposite processed intoa matrix sufficient to increase the stability thresh
25、old of other-wise unreinforced established vegetation.3.1.13.1 DiscussionProducts in this category may incor-porate ancillary degradable components to enhance the germi-nation and establishment of vegetation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The performance of an RECP in reducing stormwater-induced erosi
26、on is determined by subjecting the material tosimulated stormwater flow in a controlled and documentedenvironment in reference to identical testing on baselineconditions.4.2 Key elements of the testing process include:4.2.1 Calibration of the stormwater simulation and measure-ment equipment;4.2.2 Pr
27、eparation of the test channel;4.2.3 Documentation of the RECP to be tested (if appli-cable);4.2.4 Installation of the RECP (if applicable);4.2.5 Establishment of vegetative stand (if applicable);4.2.6 Execution of the test;4.2.7 Collection of hydraulic, topographical, and associateddata;4.2.8 Analys
28、is of the resultant data; and4.2.9 Reporting.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates RECPs and their means ofinstallation to:5.1.1 Reduce soil loss and sediment concentrations instormwater runoff under conditions of varying channel condi-tions and soil type;5.1.2 Function within a comp
29、osite system acting as vegeta-tive reinforcement; and5.1.3 Improve water quality exiting the area disturbed byearthwork activity by minimizing mobilization of in-situ par-ticles within the streambed.5.2 This test method models and examines conditions typi-cally found on construction sites involving
30、earthwork activi-ties, including: highways and roads; airports; residential, com-mercial and industrial developments; pipelines, mines, andlandfills; golf courses; etc.5.3 This test method is a performance test, but can be usedfor quality control to determine product conformance to projectspecificat
31、ions. Caution is advised since information regardinglaboratory specific precision is incomplete. For project specificconformance, unique project-specific conditions should betaken into consideration.6. Apparatus6.1 Water Delivery SystemThe water delivery systemshall include pump(s), piping, channels
32、, water control struc-tures, and water measurement instrumentation as necessary toachieve the desired hydraulic conditions. The water controlstructures shall regulate and direct the flow into the desired testchannel. Fig. 1 presents a schematic showing an example of aseries of test channels and wate
33、r delivery system. The waterdelivery system shall be constructed such that turbulence at theentrance to the test channel is minimized. Use of flowstraighteners (for example, tube racks or vanes) are recom-mended to reduce turbulence and achieve uniform flow condi-tions. A direct flow system (that is
34、, controlled flow divertedfrom a natural waterway) may also be employed for thispurpose. Testing of bare soil conditions requires minimalchannel gradient and minimal water flow. Testing of vegetated,reinforced conditions typically requires steep gradient channelsand a maximum discharge in excess of
35、2.8 cubic meters persecond (cms) (98.9 cubic feet per second (cfs).D6460 1226.2 Water SourceWater derived for testing may be gravityfed or pump supplied to the testing facility in a closed loop orpass through system. Water delivered should be regulated toensure consistent discharge and be free of de
36、bris with little orno turbidity. Discharge must be measured by hydraulic controlstructure, calibrated hydraulic structure, or calibrated flowmeter.6.3 Survey ApparatusChannel gradient must be measuredin a three-dimensional coordinate system with respect to afixed benchmark. A total station apparatus
37、 or survey level isrequired to determine elevations within the test reach. The totalstation system is a standard surveying instrument capable ofmeasuring distance simultaneously with vertical and horizontalangles to determine the coordinates of a location (that is, X, Yand Z axis) within a defined c
38、oordinate system and store thedata electronically in a data logger. In lieu of a total stationsystem, manual surveying equipment may be used. Precisionand bias of either instrument must be known. Soil loss may berecorded using survey apparatus referenced to a known benchmark or by calibrated point g
39、auge assembly referenced torelative locations within the facility.6.4 Velocity ProbeA propeller-type probe shall be used toidentify flow conditions during test operation. In lieu of apropeller-type probe, other velocity measurement devices in-cluding electromagnetic or sonic type flow meters may beu
40、sed, provided that equivalent accuracy (65 %) is achievable.Periodic calibration and certification of this equipment shall beperformed.6.5 Earthwork EquipmentTypical equipment utilized inconstruction of test channels includes: skid loader, wheelbarrow, hand tamper, shovels, rakes, vibratory plate co
41、mpactorand excavation template.6.6 Geotechnical Testing EquipmentEquipment sufficientto conduct testing described in Test Methods D422, C136,D698, D4318, D1556, and D2922. Geotechnical evaluationmay be outsourced to a laboratory with sufficient equipmentand expertise to conduct sediment characterist
42、ic evaluation.6.7 Vegetative Stand Quantification EquipmentA cali-brated template used to ensure height of vegetation andcounting box are necessary for vegetated testing. Vegetation iscut to a specific, uniform stand height by placing a template onthe soil surface and trimming blades/stems at the to
43、p of thetemplate. An open, square box is used to count vegetationstems and blades to determine stand density. The box may beconstructed of metal or wood with an internal opening mea-suring 76.2 mm (3 in.) square and 25.4 to 50.8 mm (1 to 2 in.)in height.6.8 Photographic EquipmentAt a minimum, still
44、andvideo footage must be recorded throughout the preparation andtesting process to document the testing. 35 mm still and 8 mmvideo formats or digital equivalents are acceptable.6.9 MiscellaneousOther miscellaneous equipment in-cludes: meteorological equipment (wind speed, temperature,precipitation).
45、7. Procedure7.1 Test Channel Preparation:7.1.1 Construct earthen test channels using conventionalearthwork placement techniques. A rectangular or trapezoidalcross section channel may be used; however, a rectangularchannel is recommended for consistency of construction andexplicit computation of shea
46、r stress. Perform compaction ofchannel bed material to create a geotechnically (structurally)stable subgrade. General soil types to be used for testing shallbe loam, clay and sand. Target grain sizes and plasticity indicesare included in Table 1. Fig. 2 presents a schematic showing atypical test cha
47、nnel profile. Record geotechnical characteristicsin file to include: visual description and classification, grainsize distribution (course and sub 200 fraction), plasticityindices, moisture-density relationship, USDA,ASTM or USCSclassification and in-situ compaction.NOTE 1Construction of steep slope
48、 and shallow soil layer plots maylead to geotechnical instability. Evaluation of test facility prior tooperation is advised.7.1.2 Plate the channel surface with a minimum 30.5-cm(12-in.) thick veneer of test soil. Place soil in a minimum ofFIG. 1 Typical Closed Looped Water Delivery SystemTABLE 1 Ta
49、rget Grain Sizes and Plasticity IndicesParticle size (mm) Sand Loam ClayD100(mm) 25 D1003.0 10D1000.3 3.0D100 0.02D85(mm) 4.0 D850.8 0.8D850.08 0.08D85 0.003D50(mm) 0.9 D500.2 0.15D50 0.015 0.015 D50 0.0008D15(mm) 0.3 D150.01 0.03D15 0.001 D15 0.002Plasticity Index N/A (nonplastic) 2 PI 8 10 PID6460 123two lifts and compact to 90 6 3 % of standard Proctor densityin accordance with Test Method D698. In the case previoustesting was completed in channel, remove top layer of soil to adepth of 25.4 mm (1 in.) deeper than deepest erosion andreplace veneer. In-si
