1、Designation:D6469081Designation: D6469 11Standard Guide forMicrobial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTERemoved all instances of the acronym for Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester editorially in April 2010.1. Scope1.1 This guide prov
3、ides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms,occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control ofmicrobial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primaril
4、y to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine,diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814,D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liqui
5、dpetroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 472provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it also providesa compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five onPetroleum Products and Lubricants.1.2 This gui
6、de is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a generalunderstanding of microbial fuel contamination.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This st
7、andard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 A
8、STM Standards:3D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water44D664 Tes
9、t Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD910 Specification for Aviation GasolinesD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1067 Test Methods for Acidit
10、y or Alkalinity of WaterD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid PetroleumProducts by Hydrometer MethodD1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tensi
11、on of Solutions of Surface-Active AgentsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on Stabilityan
12、d Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D646904. DOI:10.1520/D6469-08E01.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous
13、 edition approved in 2008 as D6469081. DOI:10.1520/D6469-11.2MNL 47, Fuel Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.3For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer S
14、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only
15、 to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versio
16、nof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent40D1976 T
17、est Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission SpectroscopyD2068 Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking TendencyD2069 Specification for Marine FuelsD2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D2276 Test Method for Pa
18、rticulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line SamplingD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Turbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine FuelsD3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD3325
19、Practice for Preservation of Waterborne Oil SamplesD3326 Practice for Preparation of Samples for Identification of Waterborne OilsD3328 Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum Oils by Gas ChromatographyD3414 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum Oils by Infrared Spectroscopy
20、D3699 Specification for KerosineD3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in WaterD3870 Practice for Establishing Performance Characteristics for Colony Counting Methods in Microbiology40D4012 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in WaterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampl
21、ing of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4412 Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed DepositsD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Ga
22、s TurbinesD4454 Test Method for Simultaneous Enumeration of Total and Respiring Bacteria in Aquatic Systems by MicroscopyD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4860 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mi
23、ddle Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright NumericalRating)D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual FuelsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5304 Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stabil
24、ity by Oxygen OverpressureD5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD6217 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD6227 Specification for Grades UL82 and UL87 Unleaded Aviation GasolineD6426 Test Met
25、hod for Determining Filterability of Middle Distillate Fuel OilsD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate FuelsD6974 Practice for Enumeration of Viable Bacteria and Fungi in Liquid FuelsFiltration and Culture ProceduresD7463 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphat
26、e (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Fuel, Fuel/Water Mixtures and FuelAssociated WaterD7464 Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for MicrobiologicalTestingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE1259 Practic
27、e for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390CE1326 Guide for Evaluating Nonconventional Microbiological Tests Used for Enumerating Bacteria2.2 Energy Institute Standards:5IP 385 Determination of the viable aerobic microbial content of fuels and fuel components boiling below 3
28、90C - Filtration andculture methodIP 472 Determination of fungal fragment content of fuels boiling below 390C2.3 Government Standards:640 CFR 152 Pesticide Registration and Classification Procedures2.4 Other Standards:Test Method 2540D Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103105C75Available from U.S. Gov
29、ernment Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.5Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K6Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW Washington, DC 20001.6Available from U.S
30、. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.7Official Journal of the European Communities, 24.4.98, L123/163(1998).7Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW Washington, DC 20001.D6469 11298/8/EC Bi
31、ocidal Products Directive8TPC Publication No. 3 The role of bacteria in the corrosion of oil field equipment93. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain metabolically active.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor in their
32、primary energy-generating metabolicpathways. Aerobes require oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes to generate energy for growth and survival.3.1.2 aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from the sum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of water samplewhere both alkal
33、inity and hardness are reported as milligram CaCO3L.3.1.2.1 DiscussionAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. At A.I. $ 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 #A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources rangefrom single carbon molecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, including plastics.
34、 Oxygen requirements rangefrom obligate anaerobes, which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die if oxygen pressure falls below a speciesspecific threshold.3.1.7 bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass) in a system.3.1.7.1 DiscussionTypically, bioburden is define
35、d in terms of either biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass orsurface area material tested (g biomass / mL; g biomass / g; cells / mL sample, and so forth). The specific parameter used to definebioburden depends on critical properties of the system evaluated and the investigators prefer
36、ences.3.1.8 biocide, na poisonous substance that can kill living organisms.3.1.8.1 DiscussionBiocides are further classified as bactericides (kill bacteria), fungicides (kill fungi), and microbiocides (killboth bacterial and fungi). They are also referred to as antimicrobials.3.1.9 biodeterioration,
37、 nthe loss of commercial value or performance characteristics, or both, of a product (fuel) or material(fuel system) through biological processes.3.1.10 biofilm, na film or layer of microorganisms, biopolymers, water, and entrained organic and inorganic debris that formsas a result of microbial grow
38、th and proliferation at phase interfaces (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth) (synonym:skinnogen layer).3.1.11 biomass, ndensity of biological material per unit sample volume, area, or mass (g biomass/g(or/mLor/cmbiologicalmaterial including any material other than fossil fuels wh
39、ich is or was a living organism or component or product of a living organism.3.1.11.1 DiscussionIn biology and environmental science, biomass is typically expressed as density of biological material perunit sample volume, area, or mass (g biomass/g(or/mLor/cm2) sample). ) sample); when used for prod
40、ucts derived fromorganisms biomass is typically expressed in terms of mass (kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).3.1.11.2 DiscussionProducts of living organisms include those materials produced directly by living organisms as metabolites(for example, ethanol, various carbohydrates and fatty ac
41、ids), materials manufactured by processing living organisms (for example,pellets manufactured by shredding and pelletizing plant material) and materials produced by processing living organisms, theircomponents or metabolites (for example, transesterified oil; also called biodiesel).3.1.12 biosurfact
42、ant, na biologically produced molecule that acts as a soap or detergent.3.1.13 consortium (pl. consortia), nmicrobial community comprised of more than one, species that exhibits properties notshown by individual community members.3.1.13.1 DiscussionConsortia often mediate biodeterioration processes
43、that individual taxa cannot.3.1.14 depacifying, adjthe process of removing hydrogen ions (protons) from the cathodic surface of an electrolytic cell,thereby promoting continued electrolytic corrosion.8Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, TX 77084-4906, http:/www.n
44、ace.org.8Official Journal of the European Communities, 24.4.98, L123/163(1998).9Hill, G., “Sampling Methods for Detecting Microbial Contamination in Fuel Tanks and Systems,” Chap. 2 in MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology:Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed.,
45、ASTM International, 2003.9Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, TX 77084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.D6469 1133.1.15 deplasticize, vthe process of breaking down polymers in plastics and similar materials, resulting in loss of thematerials structural integrity.3.1.16 f
46、acultative anaerobe, na microorganism capable of growing in both oxic and anoxic environments.3.1.16.1 DiscussionFacultative anaerobes use oxygen when it is present, and use either organic or inorganic energy sources(nitrate, sulfate, and so forth) when oxygen is depleted or absent.3.1.17 fungus (pl
47、. fungi), nsingle cell (yeasts) or filamentous (molds) microorganisms that share the property of having thetrue intracellular membranes (organelles) that characterize all higher life forms (Eukaryotes).3.1.18 metabolite, na chemical substance produced by any of the many complex chemical and physical
48、 processes involvedin the maintenance of life.3.1.19 microbial activity test, nany analytical procedure designed to measure the rate or results of one or more microorganismprocesses.3.1.19.1 DiscussionExamples of microbial activity tests include loss or appearance of specific molecules or measuring
49、therate of change of parameters, such as acid number, molecular weight distribution (carbon number distribution), and specific gravity.3.1.20 microbially induced corrosion (MIC), ncorrosion that is enhanced by the action of microorganisms in the localenvironment.3.1.21 mold, nform of fungal growth, characterized by long strands of filaments (hyphae) and, under appropriate growthconditions, aerial, spore-bearing structures.3.1.21.1 DiscussionIn fluids, mold colonies typically appear as soft spheres; termed fisheyes.3.1.22 obligate aerobe,
