1、Designation: D6469 11D6469 12Standard Guide forMicrobial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms,occurrence,
3、and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control ofmicrobial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine,diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Spe
4、cifications D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814,D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquidpetroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 472 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide;
5、it also providesa compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five onPetroleum Products and Lubricants.1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a
6、generalunderstanding of microbial fuel contamination.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the resp
7、onsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD396 S
8、pecification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D515 Test MethodsMethod for Phosphorus inIn Water (Withdrawn 1997)4D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD888 Test Me
9、thods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD910 Specification for Aviation GasolinesD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1293 Test Methods for
10、pH of WaterD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active AgentsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD1655 Specificati
11、on for Aviation Turbine Fuels1 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on Stabilityand Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2012. Published March 2011Feb
12、ruary 2013. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20082011 asD64690811.1. DOI: 10.1520/D6469-11.10.1520/D6469-12.2 MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.3 For referencedAST
13、M standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
14、 on www.astm.org.The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technical
15、ly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this stan
16、dardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent (Withdrawn 2000)4D1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-Coupled Argo
17、n Plasma Atomic Emission SpectroscopyD2068 Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking TendencyD2069 Specification for Marine Fuels (Withdrawn 2003)4D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by
18、Line SamplingD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Turbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine FuelsD3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD3325 Practice for Preservation of Waterborne Oi
19、l SamplesD3326 Practice for Preparation of Samples for Identification of Waterborne OilsD3328 Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum Oils by Gas ChromatographyD3414 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum Oils by Infrared SpectroscopyD3699 Specification for KerosineD3867 Test
20、 Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in WaterD3870 Practice for Establishing Performance Characteristics for Colony Counting Methods in Microbiology (Withdrawn 2000)4D4012 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in WaterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petro
21、leum ProductsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4412 Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed DepositsD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Gas TurbinesD4454 Test Metho
22、d for Simultaneous Enumeration of Total and Respiring Bacteria in Aquatic Systems by MicroscopyD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4860 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels (Cle
23、ar and Bright NumericalRating)D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual FuelsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5304 Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
24、D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD6217 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon ComponentD6426 Test Method for
25、Determining Filterability of Middle Distillate Fuel OilsD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate FuelsD6974 Practice for Enumeration of Viable Bacteria and Fungi in Liquid FuelsFiltration and Culture ProceduresD7463 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
26、Content of Microorganisms in Fuel, Fuel/Water Mixtures and FuelAssociated WaterD7464 Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for MicrobiologicalTestingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE1259 Practice for Ev
27、aluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390CE1326 Guide for Evaluating Nonconventional Microbiological Tests Used for Enumerating Bacteria2.2 Energy Institute Standards:5IP 385 Determination of the viable aerobic microbial content of fuels and fuel components boiling below 390C - Fi
28、ltration andculture methodIP 472 Determination of fungal fragment content of fuels boiling below 390C2.3 Government Standards:640 CFR 152 Pesticide Registration and Classification Procedures2.4 Other Standards:Test Method 2540D Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103105C798/8/EC Biocidal Products Direct
29、ive8TPC Publication No. 3 The role of bacteria in the corrosion of oil field equipment95 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K6 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20
30、401.7 Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW Washington, DC 20001.8 Official Journal of the European Communities, 24.4.98, L123/163(1998).9 Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, TX 77084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.D6469 1223. Terminology3
31、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain metabolically active.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor in their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes requireoxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes to gener
32、ate energy for growth and survival.3.1.2 aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from the sum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of water samplewhere both alkalinity and hardness are reported as milligram CaCO3L.3.1.2.1 DiscussionAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. At A.
33、I. 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from singlecarbon molecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, including plastics. Oxygen requirements range fromobligate anaerobes, which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die if oxygen p
34、ressure falls below a speciesspecific threshold.3.1.7 bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass) in a system.3.1.7.1 DiscussionTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of either biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area materialtested (g biomass / mL; g biom
35、ass / g; cells / mL sample, and so forth). The specific parameter used to define bioburden dependson critical properties of the system evaluated and the investigators preferences.3.1.8 biocide, na poisonous substance that can kill living organisms.3.1.8.1 DiscussionBiocides are further classified as
36、 bactericides (kill bacteria), fungicides (kill fungi), and microbiocides (kill both bacterial andfungi). They are also referred to as antimicrobials.3.1.9 biodeterioration, nthe loss of commercial value or performance characteristics, or both, of a product (fuel) or material(fuel system) through bi
37、ological processes.3.1.10 biofilm, na film or layer of microorganisms, biopolymers, water, and entrained organic and inorganic debris that formsas a result of microbial growth and proliferation at phase interfaces (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth) (synonym:skinnogen layer).D646
38、9 1233.1.11 biomass, nbiological material including any material other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism orcomponent or product of a living organism.3.1.11.1 DiscussionIn biology and environmental science, biomass is typically expressed as density of biological material per unit sa
39、mple volume,area, or mass (g biomass / g (or / mL or / cm2) sample); when used for products derived from organisms biomass is typicallyexpressed in terms of mass (kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).3.1.11.2 DiscussionProducts of living organisms include those materials produced directly by l
40、iving organisms as metabolites (for example, ethanol,various carbohydrates and fatty acids), materials manufactured by processing living organisms (for example, pellets manufacturedby shredding and pelletizing plant material) and materials produced by processing living organisms, their components or
41、metabolites (for example, transesterified oil; also called biodiesel).3.1.12 biosurfactant, na biologically produced molecule that acts as a soap or detergent.3.1.13 consortium (pl. consortia), nmicrobial community comprised of more than one, species that exhibits properties notshown by individual c
42、ommunity members.3.1.13.1 DiscussionConsortia often mediate biodeterioration processes that individual taxa cannot.3.1.14 depacifying, adjthe process of removing hydrogen ions (protons) from the cathodic surface of an electrolytic cell,thereby promoting continued electrolytic corrosion.3.1.15 deplas
43、ticize, vthe process of breaking down polymers in plastics and similar materials, resulting in loss of thematerials structural integrity.3.1.16 facultative anaerobe, na microorganism capable of growing in both oxic and anoxic environments.3.1.16.1 DiscussionFacultative anaerobes use oxygen when it i
44、s present, and use either organic or inorganic energy sources (nitrate, sulfate, and soforth) when oxygen is depleted or absent.3.1.17 fungus (pl. fungi), nsingle cell (yeasts) or filamentous (molds) microorganisms that share the property of having thetrue intracellular membranes (organelles) that c
45、haracterize all higher life forms (Eukaryotes).3.1.18 metabolite, na chemical substance produced by any of the many complex chemical and physical processes involvedin the maintenance of life.3.1.19 microbial activity test, nany analytical procedure designed to measure the rate or results of one or m
46、ore microorganismprocesses.3.1.19.1 DiscussionExamples of microbial activity tests include loss or appearance of specific molecules or measuring the rate of change of parameters,such as acid number, molecular weight distribution (carbon number distribution), and specific gravity.3.1.20 microbially i
47、nducedinfluenced corrosion (MIC), ncorrosion that is enhanced by the action of microorganisms in thelocal environment.3.1.21 mold, nform of fungal growth, characterized by long strands of filaments (hyphae) and, under appropriate growthconditions, aerial, spore-bearing structures.3.1.21.1 Discussion
48、In fluids, mold colonies typically appear as soft spheres; termed fisheyes.3.1.22 obligate aerobe, nmicroorganism with an absolute requirement for atmospheric oxygen in order to function.3.1.22.1 DiscussionD6469 124Obligate aerobes may survive periods in anoxic environments but will remain dormant u
49、ntil sufficient oxygen is present to supporttheir activity.3.1.23 obligate anaerobe, nmicroorganism that cannot function when atmospheric oxygen is present.3.1.23.1 DiscussionObligate anaerobes may survive periods in oxic environments but remain dormant until conditions become anoxic.3.1.24 oxic, adjan environment with a sufficient partial pressure of oxygen to support aerobic growth.3.1.25 shock treatment, nthe addition of an antimicrobial agent sufficient to cause rapid and substantial (several orders ofmagnitude) reductions in
