1、Designation: D6496/D6496M 04a (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Test Method forDetermining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Topand Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic ClayLiners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6496/D6496M; the number immediately following the designation
2、indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information and designation were correc
3、ted editorially in July 2015.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe average bonding strength between the top and bottomlayers of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as st
4、andard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, a
5、ssociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines fo
6、rTextilesD4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic, na product manufactured wholly or inpart from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, orother geotechnical engineering related material as an integralpart of a project, structure, or system. D44393.
7、1.2 geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydraulicbarrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers ofgeosynthetic material(s). (Currently being balloted under D35Committee on Terminology.)4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The top and bottom layers of a geosynthetic clay linerare gripped individ
8、ually in tensile grips and pulled at a constantrate of extension by a tensile testing machine until the top andbottom layers of the specimen separate. The average bondingpeel strength of the test specimen can be calculated frommachine scales, dials, recording charts, or an interface com-puter.5. Sig
9、nificance and Use5.1 The bonding strength test for the top and bottom layersof the geosynthetic clay liner is intended to be an index test. Itis anticipated that the results of the test will be used to evaluatethe quality of the bonding process.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant rate
10、of extension(CRE) type of testing machine described in SpecificationD76/D76M shall be used with a minimum precision measuringcapability of 0.1 N/m 5.71 104lbf/in.6.2 ClampsThe clamps shall be a minimum 25 by 100mm 1 by 4 in. and with appropriate clamping power toprevent slipping or crushing (damage)
11、.6.3 Die or Template, 100 by 200 mm (61 mm) 4 by 8 in.6.4 Miscellaneous, knives, razor, and the like, as required.7. Test Specimen7.1 The sample received at the testing laboratory should bein satisfactory condition and representative of the productmanufactured or delivered to a site, or both.7.2 The
12、 size of the die or template for cutting specimens is100 by 200 mm 4 by 8 in.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-thetic Clay Liners.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published July 20
13、15. Originally approvedin 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6496 04a(2009). DOI:10.1520/D6496_D6496M-04AR15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
14、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17.3 The loss of clay during the specimen cutting processshould have no bearing on the results of the test.7.4 A minimum o
15、f five test specimens should be cut fromthe laboratory sample such that they are representative of theentire roll width. All specimens should be parallel to themachine direction.8. Conditioning8.1 The test specimen shall be tested as received.9. Procedure9.1 Obtain SpecimensUsing the die, or templat
16、e and razor,and other necessary apparatus, carefully cut from the labora-tory sample five test specimens. The five specimens should berandomly selected from locations on the sample, but should bedistributed across the sample. All specimens should be cutparallel to the machine direction. Using a knif
17、e or razor,separate the top and bottom layer of the GCL for the first50 6 3mm26 0.1 in.9.2 Machine Set-Up ConditionsAdjust the distance be-tween the clamps at the start of the test to 50 6 3mm2 6 0.1 in. Set the CRE at 300 mm/min. 12 in./min.9.3 Insertion of Specimen in ClampsMount the specimencentr
18、ally in the clamps. The specimen must be visuallyobserved above the clamp. The specimen length in the machinedirection must be parallel to the direction of application offorce.9.4 Measurement of Bonding Peel StrengthStart the ten-sile testing machine. This is considered the start of the peel testand
19、 represents zero grip separation. Take readings of force andtime starting from 50 mm 2 in. of grip separation until250 mm 10 in. of grip separation. The average recordedpeeling force of the GCL over 200 mm 8 in. of gripseparation is required and will signify a complete test of thespecimen. (See Fig.
20、 1).NOTE 1If significant elongation of the geotextile continues after50 mm 2 in. additional grip peeling of the GCL, the recording intervalshould be adjusted. The recording interval should correspond to 200 mm8 in. of grip separation during the peeling of the GCL.9.4.1 Readings of force and time sha
21、ll be taken at aminimum rate of 20 readings per second.9.4.2 If a specimen slips in the jaws, or if for any reasonattributable to faulty operation the results fall significantlybelow the average for the set of specimens, discard the resultsand test another specimen. Continue until the required numbe
22、rof readings have been taken.10. Calculation10.1 Bonding Peel StrengthCalculate the bond strength ofindividual specimens, that is, the average force to cause aspecimen to separate expressed in N lbf of width, using thefollowing equation:f5 Favg/WS(1)where:f= bonding peel strength, N/m lbf/in. of wid
23、th,Favg= observed average force over a grip separation of50 mm 2 in. to 250 mm 10 in., N lbf, andWS= specified specimen width, m in.FIG. 1 Measurement of Bonding Peel StrengthD6496/D6496M 04a (2015)1210.2 Average Bonding Peel StrengthAverage the calcu-lated bonding peel strength of each specimen:avg
24、5 f11f21115!/5 (2)where:fn= calculated average bond strength for specimen,N/m lbfin., andavg= average bond strength of the GCL, N/m lbf/in.11. Report11.1 Report the following information on bonding peelstrength of GCLs:11.1.1 All specimen values and average bonding peelstrength/unit width to the nea
25、rest 0.1 N/m 5.71 10-4lbf/in.,11.1.2 If requested, the standard deviation, coefficient ofvariation, or both,11.1.3 Sample identification (for example, sample no., rollno., or other traceable identifier),11.1.4 Type of GCL tested,11.1.5 Full scale force range used for testing,11.1.6 A statement of an
26、y departure from the suggestedtesting procedures so that the results can be evaluated and used,11.1.7 Note any cause or need for testing additional speci-mens due to rupture of the geotextile(s) during test, damage tospecimen from the grips, and so forth, and11.2 Identification of testing agency, pe
27、rson performing thetest, date of test and client or project identification.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Inter-Laboratory Test ProgramAn inter-laboratorystudy of this test method was run in 2002/2003. Four differentgeosynthetic clay liner samples were distributed to ten labora-tories. Three sets of tes
28、t results were generated for each sampleby each of the laboratories.12.2 Test ResultsThe precision information is given inTable 1. The results are presented for the average of thecoefficient of variation, CV %, for the four samples.12.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringthe bonding
29、peel strength of the geosynthetic clay liner has nobias because the values of the bonding peel strength can bedefined in the terms of this test method.13. Keywords13.1 bonding strength; clay; geosynthetic; geosynthetic claylinerAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ALTERNATE MQC TEST METHOD FOR PEAK
30、 BONDING PEEL STRENGTHX1.1 This alternate test method can be used to determine thepeak bonding peel strength of the needle-punched geosyntheticclay liner. This alternative test method was developed to allowthe manufacturer to test material with a tensiometer in closeproximity to the production line
31、and/or in such a location thatthe ambient conditions could be harmful to the electronicdevice used to record the average bonding peel strength.X1.2 The manufacturer must document that the specifiedaverage bonding peel strength of the geosynthetic clay linerproduct will be met or exceeded by the mini
32、mum peak bondingstrength of the product.X1.3 The alternate test method shall follow Sections 1 thru9.3 exactly. The following sections shall be used as a replace-ment for the average bonding strength test method.X1.4 Measurement of Peak Bonding Peel StrengthX1.4.1 Start the tensile testing machine.X
33、1.4.2 Continue testing the specimen until complete peel ofthe GCL and record the maximum peel strength.X1.5 CalculationX1.5.1 Average Peak Peel StrengthAverage the recordedpeak bonding strength of each specimen:pavg5 pf11pf211pfn!/5where:Pfn= recorded peak bonding strength for specimen, N/mlbf/in.,
34、andPavg= average peak bonding strength of the GCL, N/mlbf/in.X1.6 ReportX1.6.1 Report the following information on peak bondingpeel strength of GCLs.X1.6.2 All specimen values and average peak bonding peelstrength/unit width to the nearest 0.1 N/m 5.71 x 10-4 lbf/in.X1.6.3 If requested, the standard
35、 deviation, coefficient ofvariation, or both.X1.6.4 Sample identification (for example, sample no., rollno., or other traceable identifier).TABLE 1 Test ResultsStatistic ILSAverageWithin laboratory repeatability limit, CVSr, % 7Between laboratory reproducibility limit, CVSR, % 1195 % confidence limi
36、t within laboratory repeatability, CVr, % 1895 % confidence limit between laboratory reproducibility, CVR, % 32D6496/D6496M 04a (2015)13X1.6.5 Type of GCL tested.X1.7 Full scale force range used for testing.X1.7.1 A statement of any departure from the suggestedtesting procedures so that the results
37、can be evaluated and used.X1.7.2 Note any cause or need for testing additional speci-mens due to rupture of the geotextile(s) during test, damage tospecimen from the grips, etc.X1.8 Identification of testing agency, person performing thetest, date of test and client or project identification.ASTM In
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41、tandards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 04a (2015)14
