1、Designation: D6496/D6496M 18Standard Test Method forDetermining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Topand Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic ClayLiners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6496/D6496M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of
2、 original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe
3、 average bonding strength between the top and bottomlayers of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall b
4、e used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
5、te safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopm
6、ent of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines forTextilesD4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics3. Terminology3.1
7、 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic, na product manufactured wholly or inpart from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, orother geotechnical engineering-related material as an integralpart of a project, structure, or system. D44393.1.2 geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydraulicbarrier
8、 consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers ofgeosynthetic material(s). D44394. Summary of Test Method4.1 The top and bottom layers of a geosynthetic clay linerare gripped individually in tensile grips and pulled at a constantrate of extension by a tensile testing machine until the top andbottom
9、 layers of the specimen separate. The average bondingpeel strength of the test specimen can be calculated frommachine scales, dials, recording charts, or an interface com-puter.5. Significance and Use5.1 The bonding strength test for the top and bottom layersof the geosynthetic clay liner is intende
10、d to be an index test. Itis anticipated that the results of the test will be used to evaluatethe quality of the bonding process.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant rate of extension(CRE) type of testing machine described in SpecificationD76/D76M shall be used with a minimum precision m
11、easuringcapability of 0.1 N/m 5.71 104lbf/in.6.2 ClampsThe clamps shall be a minimum 25 by100 mm 1 by 4 in. and with appropriate clamping power toprevent slipping or crushing (damage).6.3 Die or Template, 100 by 200 mm (61 mm) 4 by 8 in.6.4 MiscellaneousKnives, razor, and the like, as required.7. Te
12、st Specimen7.1 The sample received at the testing laboratory should bein satisfactory condition and representative of the productmanufactured or delivered to a site, or both.7.2 The size of the die or template for cutting specimens is100 by 200 mm 4 by 8 in.1This test method is under the jurisdictio
13、n of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-thetic Clay Liners.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D6496/D6496M 04a(2015)1. DOI: 10.1520/D6496_D
14、6496M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
15、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue
16、d by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.17.3 The loss of clay during the specimen cutting processshould have no bearing on the results of the test.7.4 A minimum of five test specimens should be cut fromthe laboratory sample such that they are representative of t
17、heentire roll width. All specimens should be parallel to themachine direction.8. Conditioning8.1 The test specimen shall be tested as received.9. Procedure9.1 Obtain SpecimensUsing the die, or template and razor,and other necessary apparatus, carefully cut from the labora-tory sample five test speci
18、mens. The five specimens should berandomly selected from locations on the sample, but should bedistributed across the sample. All specimens should be cutparallel to the machine direction. Using a knife or razor,separate the top and bottom layer of the GCL for the first50 6 3mm26 0.1 in.9.2 Machine S
19、etup ConditionsAdjust the distance be-tween the clamps at the start of the test to 50 6 3mm2 6 0.1 in. Set the CRE at 300 mm/min 12 in./min.9.3 Insertion of Specimen in ClampsMount the specimencentrally in the clamps. The specimen must be visuallyobserved above the clamp. The specimen length in the
20、machinedirection must be parallel to the direction of application offorce.9.4 Measurement of Bonding Peel StrengthStart the ten-sile testing machine. This is considered the start of the peel testand represents zero grip separation. Take readings of force andtime starting from 50 mm 2 in. of grip sep
21、aration until250 mm 10 in. of grip separation. The average recordedpeeling force of the GCL over 200 mm 8 in. of gripseparation is required and will signify a complete test of thespecimen. (See Fig. 1.)NOTE 1If significant elongation of the geotextile continues after50 mm 2 in. additional grip peeli
22、ng of the GCL, the recording intervalshould be adjusted. The recording interval should correspond to 200 mm8 in. of grip separation during the peeling of the GCL.9.4.1 Readings of force and time shall be taken at aminimum rate of 20 readings per second.9.4.2 If a specimen slips in the jaws, or if fo
23、r any reasonattributable to faulty operation the results fall significantlybelow the average for the set of specimens, discard the resultsand test another specimen. Continue until the required numberof readings has been taken.10. Calculation10.1 Bonding Peel StrengthCalculate the bond strength ofind
24、ividual specimens, that is, the average force to cause aspecimen to separate expressed in N lbf of width, using thefollowing equation:f5 Favg/WS(1)where:f= bonding peel strength, N/m lbf/in. of width,Favg= observed average force over a grip separation of50 mm 2 in. to 250 mm 10 in., N lbf, andWS= sp
25、ecified specimen width, m in.FIG. 1 Measurement of Bonding Peel StrengthD6496/D6496M 18210.2 Average Bonding Peel StrengthAverage the calcu-lated bonding peel strength of each specimen:avg5 f11f21115!/5 (2)where:fn= calculated average bond strength for specimen,N/m lbfin., andavg= average bond stren
26、gth of the GCL, N/m lbf/in.11. Report11.1 Report the following information on bonding peelstrength of GCLs:11.1.1 All specimen values and average bonding peelstrength/unit width to the nearest 0.1 N/m 5.71 104lbf/in.11.1.2 If requested, the standard deviation, coefficient ofvariation, or both.11.1.3
27、 Sample identification (for example, sample number,roll number, or other traceable identifier).11.1.4 Type of GCL tested.11.1.5 Full-scale force range used for testing.11.1.6 A statement of any departure from the suggestedtesting procedures so that the results can be evaluated and used.11.1.7 Note a
28、ny cause or need for testing additional speci-mens due to rupture of the geotextile(s) during test, damage tospecimen from the grips, and so forth.11.2 Identification of testing agency, person performing thetest, date of test, and client or project identification.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Interlabo
29、ratory Test ProgramAn interlaboratorystudy of this test method was run in 2002/2003. Four differentgeosynthetic clay liner samples were distributed to ten labora-tories. Three sets of test results were generated for each sampleby each of the laboratories.12.2 Test ResultsThe precision information is
30、 given inTable 1. The results are presented for the average of thecoefficient of variation, CV %, for the four samples.12.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringthe bonding peel strength of the geosynthetic clay liner has nobias because the values of the bonding peel strength can bedef
31、ined in the terms of this test method.13. Keywords13.1 bonding strength; clay; geosynthetic; geosynthetic claylinerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly ad
32、vised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eithe
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35、idual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured f
36、rom the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Test ResultsStatisticILSAverageWithin-laboratory repeatability limit, CVSr, % 7Between-laboratory reproducibility limit, CVSR, % 1195 % confidence limit within-laboratory repeatability, CVr, % 1895 % confidence limit between-laboratory reproducibility, CVR, % 32D6496/D6496M 183
