1、Designation: D 6519 08Standard Practice forSampling of Soil Using the Hydraulically OperatedStationary Piston Sampler1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6519; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers a procedure for sampling of cohe-sive, organic, or fine-grained soils, or combination the
3、reof,using a thin-walled metal tube that is inserted into the soilformation by means of a hydraulically operated piston. It isused to collect relatively intact soil samples suitable forlaboratory tests to determine structural and chemical propertiesfor geotechnical and environmental site characteriz
4、ations.1.1.1 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples inaccordance with Practice D 4220 may apply. Samples forclassification may be preserved using procedures similar toClass A. In most cases, a thin-walled tube sample can beconsidered as Class B, C, or D. Refer to Guide D 6286 for useof th
5、e hydraulically operated stationary piston soil sampler forenvironmental site characterization. This sampling method isoften used in conjunction with rotary drilling methods such asfluid rotary; Guide D 5783; and hollow stem augers, PracticeD 6151. Sampling data should be reported in the substance l
6、ogin accordance with Guide D 5434.1.2 The hydraulically operated stationery piston sampler islimited to soils and unconsolidated materials that can bepenetrated with the available hydraulic pressure that can beapplied without exceeding the structural strength of the thin-walled tube. This standard a
7、ddresses typical hydraulic pistonsamplers used on land or shallow water in drill holes. Thestandard does not address specialized offshore samplers fordeep marine applications that may or may not be hydraulicallyoperated. This standard does not address operation of othertypes of mechanically advanced
8、 piston samplers.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use ofhazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is theresponsibility of the user to establish and adopt appropriatesafety and health practices. Also, the us
9、er must comply withprevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (OccupationalHealth and Safety Administration) guidelines, while using thispractice. For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHAregulations and other safety guides on drilling.21.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regar
10、dedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experie
11、nce and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practicemay be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard isnot intended to represent or replace the standard of care bywhich the adequacy of a given professional service must bejudged, nor should this
12、 document be applied without consid-eration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Stan-dard” in the title means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process. This practicedoes not purport to comprehensively address all of the methodsand the issues associated with
13、 sampling of soil. Users shouldseek qualified professionals for decisions as to the properequipment and methods that would be most successful for theirsite investigation. Other methods may be available for drillingand sampling of soil, and qualified professionals should haveflexibility to exercise j
14、udgment as to possible alternatives notcovered in this practice. The practice is current at the time ofissue, but new alternative methods may become available priorto revisions, therefore, users should consult with manufacturersor producers prior to specifying program requirements.2. Referenced Docu
15、ments2.1 ASTM Standards-Soil Classification:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibilit
16、y of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil EvaluationsCurrent edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 6519 05.2Drilling Safety Guide, National DrillingAssn., 3008 MillwoodAve., Columbia
17、,SC 29205.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end o
18、f this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and Rock2.2 ASTM Standards-Drilling Methods:D 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvi
19、ronmental Exploration and the Installation of Sub-surface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-S
20、tem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site Characterization2.3 ASTM S
21、tandardsSoil Sampling:D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD 5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground WaterWells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, andOther Device
22、s for Environmental ActivitiesD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of technical terms in thisstandard, refer to Term
23、inology D 653.3.1.1 incremental drilling and samplinginsertion methodwhere rotary drilling and sampling events are alternated forincremental sampling. Incremental drilling is often needed topenetrate harder or deeper formations.3.1.2 sample recoverythe length of material recovereddivided by the leng
24、th of sampler advancement and stated as apercentage.3.1.3 sample intervaldefined zone within a subsurfacestrata from which a sample is gathered.3.1.4 soil corecylindrically shaped soil specimen recov-ered from a sampler.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 friction clutcha device
25、 to lock the thin-walled tubehead to the outer barrel of the stationary piston sampler toprevent uncontrolled thin-walled tube rotation.3.2.2 hydraulically activated stationary piston samplerastationary piston sampler in which the thin-walled tube isforced over a fixed piston into the soil strata by
26、 hydraulic fluidpressure or pneumatic pressure. Also known as an “Osterberg”piston sampler, which was developed by Professor Jori Oster-berg of Northwestern University.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Hydraulic stationary piston sampling of soils consists ofadvancing a sampling device into subsurface soils
27、 generallythrough a predrilled bore hole to the desired sampling depth.See Fig. 1 for a schematic drawing of the sampling process.The sampler is sealed by the stationary piston to prevent anyintrusion of formation material. At the desired depth, fluid orair is forced into the sampling barrel, above
28、the inner samplerhead, forcing the thin-walled tube sampler over the piston intothe soil formation. The hydraulically operated stationary pistonsampler has a prescribed length of travel. At the termination ofthe sampler travel length the fluid flow is terminated. Thesample is allowed to stabilize in
29、 the thin-walled tube. Thesample is then sheared by rotating the sampler. The sampler isretrieved from the borehole, and the thin-walled tube with thesample is removed from the sampler. The sample tube is thensealed properly or field-extruded as desired. The stationarypiston sampler is cleaned and a
30、 clean thin-walled tube in-stalled. The procedure is repeated for the next desired samplinginterval. Sampling can be continuous for full-depth boreholelogging or incremental for specific interval sampling.5. Significance and Use5.1 Hydraulically activated stationary piston samplers areused to gather
31、 soil samples for laboratory or field testing andanalysis for geologic investigations, soil chemical compositionstudies, and water quality investigations. The sampler issometimes used when attempts to recover unstable soils withthin-walled tubes, Practice D 1587, are unsuccessful. Examplesof a few t
32、ypes of investigations in which hydraulic stationarypiston samplers may be used include building site foundationstudies containing soft sediments, highway and dam founda-tion investigations where softer soil formation need evaluation,wetland crossings utilizing floating structures, and hazardouswast
33、e site investigations. Hydraulically activated stationarypiston samplers provide specimens necessary to determine thephysical and chemical composition of soils and, in certaincircumstances, contained pore fluids (see Guide D 6169).5.2 Hydraulically activated stationary piston samplers canprovide rel
34、atively intact soil samples of soft or loose formationmaterials for testing to determine accurate information on thephysical characteristics of that soil. Samples of soft formationmaterials can be tested to determine numerous soil character-istics such as; soil stratigraphy, particle size, moisture
35、content,permeability, sheer strength, compressibility, and so forth. Thechemical composition of soft formation soils can also bedetermined from the sample if provisions are made to ensurethat clean, decontaminated tools are used in the samplegathering procedure. Field-extruded samples can be field-s
36、creened or laboratory-analyzed to determine the chemicalcomposition of soil and contained pore fluids. Using sealed orprotected sampling tools, cased boreholes, and proper advance-ment techniques can help in the acquisition of good represen-tative samples. A general knowledge of subsurface condition
37、sat the site is beneficial.5.3 The use of this practice may not be the correct methodfor investigations of softer formations in all cases. As with allsampling methods, subsurface conditions affect the perfor-mance of the sample gathering equipment and methods used.For example, research indicates tha
38、t clean sands may undergoD6519082volume changes in the sampling process, due to drainage.4Thehydraulically activated stationary piston sampler is generallynot effective for cohesive formations with unconfined, und-rained shear strength in excess of 2.0 tons per square foot,coarse sands, compact grav
39、elly tills containing boulders andcobbles, compacted gravel, cemented soil, or solid rock. Theseformations may damage the sample or cause refusal to pen-etration. A small percentage of gravel or gravel cuttings in thebase of the borehole can cause the tube to bend and deform,resulting in sample dist
40、urbance. Certain cohesive soils, de-pending on their water content, can create friction on thethin-walled tube which can exceed the hydraulic deliveryforce. Some rock formations can weather into soft or loosedeposits where the hydraulically activated stationary pistonsampler may be functional. The a
41、bsence of ground water canaffect the performance of this sampling tool. As with allsampling and borehole advancement methods, precautionsmust be taken to prevent cross-contamination of aquifersthrough migration of contaminates up or down the borehole.Refer to Guide D 6286 on selecting drilling metho
42、ds for4Marcosion and Bieganovsky, “Liquefaction Potential of Dams casing or hollow stem augers to provide a stable borehole; apipe vise to secure the sampler for thin-walled tube removaland loading; wood blocks for reloading the thin-walled tubeinto the sampler barrel without damage to the cutting e
43、dge;hand tools to remove and install the tube fasteners; and a brushwith buckets for cleaning the sampler.7.2.1 Rotary Drilling EquipmentDrills are required thatare capable of performing drilling functions in accordance withPractice D 6151 and Guide D 5783. Drill units generally offera ready hydraul
44、ic system for the retraction of samplers from thesampled formation and downward thrust for pushing thesampler through minimal amounts of borehole cave-in to reachdesired sampling depth as well as reactive weight to counteractthe thin-walled tube discharge pressure. Because most drillsare equipped wi
45、th leveling jacks, better weight application isFIG. 2 Thin-Walled Tube Sampler, Practice D 1587D6519084achieved. Vertical pushing is improved because of the ability tolevel the machine. Tool handling is facilitated by high-speedwinches common to drilling rigs, extended masts for long toolpulls, and
46、sampler holding devices. Drill units are commonlyfitted with fluid pumps that will provide the activation fluid.The unit must have a working pressure measurement gage inthe fluid discharge line positioned where it can be easily read.This gage will be the indicator of how the sampler isfunctioning as
47、 well as when the thin-walled tube has been fullyextruded.7.3 Activation FluidThe generally accepted activationfluid for using the hydraulically activated stationary pistonsampler is clean water. The sealing areas inside the samplerhave tight tolerances and as such cannot tolerate many physicalimpur
48、ities. The use of regular drilling water that is contami-nated with drill cuttings can impair the operation of the samplerand cause damage to the seal system. Water containing drillfluid additives can be used to activate the sampler. However,this fluid must also be free of foreign particles. In cert
49、ain casesit may be advantageous to use drilling fluid additives such aswhen the injection of clean water may negatively affectborehole stability. When using bentonite-based drill additives,a fluid of 30 to 45-s marsh funnel viscosity (API RP13B.1Standard Procedure for Field Testing Water-Based DrillingFluids) will work adequately. However, the sampler will needto be thoroughly cleaned after each use if drill fluid additiveborehole stabilization techniques are required. As the amountof drill fluid needed to activate the sampler is quite small, in therange from 5 to 10 gal d
