1、Designation: D6519 08D6519 15Standard Practice forSampling of Soil Using the Hydraulically OperatedStationary Piston Sampler1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6519; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers a procedure for sampling of cohesive, organic, or fine-grained soils, or combinatio
3、n thereof, using athin-walled metal tube that is inserted into the soil formation by means of a hydraulically operated piston. It is used to collectrelatively intact soil samples suitable for laboratory tests to determine structural and chemical properties for geotechnical andenvironmental site char
4、acterizations.1.1.1 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples in accordance with Practice D4220 may apply. Samples forclassification may be preserved using procedures similar to Class A. In most cases, a thin-walled tube sample can be consideredas Class B, C, or D. Refer to Guide D6286D6169
5、for use of the hydraulically operated stationary piston soil sampler forenvironmental site characterization. This sampling method is often used in conjunction with rotary drilling methods such as fluidrotary; Guide D5783; and hollow stem augers, Practice D6151. Sampling data should be reported in th
6、e substancefield log inaccordance with Guide D5434.1.2 The hydraulically operated stationerystationary piston sampler is limited to soils and unconsolidated materials that can bepenetrated with the available hydraulic pressure that can be applied without exceeding the structural strength of the thin
7、-walledtube. This standard addresses typical hydraulic piston samplers used on land or shallow water in drill holes. The standard does notaddress specialized offshore samplers for deep marine applications that may or may not be hydraulically operated. This standarddoes not address operation of other
8、 types of mechanically advanced piston samplers. For information on other soil samplers, referto Guide D6169.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.3.1 The values st
9、ated in either inch-pound units or SI units presented in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conforman
10、ce with the standard.1.4 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use ofhazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is the responsibility of the user to establish and adopt appropriate safety andhealth practices. Also,
11、the user must comply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Occupational Health and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, while using this practice. For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHA regulations and othersafety guides on drilling.21.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
12、be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation
13、 or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, n
14、or should this document be applied without consideration of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTMconsensus process. This practice does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and the issues as
15、sociated withsampling of soil. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and RelatedF
16、ield Testing for Soil EvaluationsCurrent edition approved Oct. 1, 2008July 1, 2015. Published October 2008July 2015. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20052008 asD6519 05.D6519 08. DOI: 10.1520/D6519-08.10.1520/D6519-15.2 Drilling Safety Guide, National Drilling Assn., 3
17、008 Millwood Ave., Columbia, SC 29205.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM r
18、ecommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
19、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1most successful for their site investigation.exploration. Other methods may be available for drilling and sampling of soil, andqualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this p
20、ractice. Thepractice is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions, therefore, usersshould consult with manufacturers or producers prior to specifying program requirements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards-Soil Classification:3D653 Termi
21、nology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock2.1 ASTM StandardsTesting and Soil Classification:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock,
22、and Contained FluidsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface
23、Explorations of Soil and RockD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data2.2 ASTM Standards-Drilling Methods:D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of
24、 Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD615
25、1 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization2.2 ASTM StandardsDrilling Methods:D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Ins
26、tallation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Explo
27、ration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization2.3 ASTM StandardsSoil Sampling:D420 Guide to Site C
28、haracterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)4D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices forEnvironmental Activit
29、iesD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations2.3 ASTM StandardsSoil Sampling:D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD4220 Practic
30、es for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices forEnvironmental ActivitiesD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigatio
31、nsD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 incremental drilling and samplinginsertion method where rotary drilling and sampling events are
32、 alternated forincremental sampling. Incrementalsampling, incremental drilling is often needed to penetrate harder or deeper formations.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume inf
33、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D6519 1523.1.3 sample recoverythe length of material recovered divided by the length of sampler advancement and stated as apercentage.3.1.4 sample intervaldefined zone within a subsurface strata from which a sample is gathere
34、d.3.1.5 soil corecylindrically shaped soil specimen recovered from a sampler.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 friction clutcha device to lock the thin-walled tube head to the outer barrel of the stationary piston sampler to preventuncontrolled thin-walled tube rotation.3.2.2
35、hydraulically activated stationary piston samplera stationary piston sampler in which the thin-walled tube is forced overa fixed piston into the soil strata by hydraulic fluid pressure or pneumatic pressure. Also It is also known as an “Osterberg” pistonsampler, which was developed by Professor Jori
36、 Osterberg of Northwestern University.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Hydraulic stationary piston sampling of soils consists of advancing a sampling device into subsurface soils generallythrough a predrilled bore hole to the desired sampling depth. See Fig. 1 for a schematic drawing of the sampling proces
37、s. Thesampler is sealed by the stationary piston to prevent any intrusion of formation material.At the desired depth, fluid or air is forcedinto the sampling barrel, above the inner sampler head, forcing the thin-walled tube sampler over the piston into the soil formation.The hydraulically operated
38、stationary piston sampler has a prescribed length of travel. At the termination of the sampler travellength the fluid flow is terminated.The sample is allowed to stabilize in the thin-walled tube.The sample is then sheared by rotatingthe sampler. The sampler is retrieved from the borehole, and the t
39、hin-walled tube with the sample is removed from the sampler.The sample tube is then sealed properly or field-extruded as desired. The stationary piston sampler is cleaned and a cleanthin-walled tube installed. The procedure is repeated for the next desired sampling interval. Sampling can be continuo
40、us forfull-depth borehole logging or incremental for specific interval sampling.5. Significance and Use5.1 Hydraulically activated stationary piston samplers are used to gather soil samples for laboratory or field testing and analysisfor geologic investigations, soil chemical composition studies, an
41、d water quality investigations. The sampler is sometimes usedwhen attempts to recover unstable soils with thin-walled tubes, Practice D1587, are unsuccessful. Examples of a few types ofinvestigations in which hydraulic stationary piston samplers may be used include building site foundation studies c
42、ontaining softsediments, highway and dam foundation investigations where softer soil formation need evaluation, wetland crossings utilizingfloating structures, and hazardous waste site investigations. Hydraulically activated stationary piston samplers provide specimensnecessary to determine the phys
43、ical and chemical composition of soils and, in certain circumstances, contained pore fluids (seeGuide D6169).5.2 Hydraulically activated stationary piston samplers can provide relatively intact soil samples of soft or loose formationmaterials for testing to determine accurate information on the phys
44、ical characteristics of that soil. Samples of soft formationmaterials can be tested to determine numerous soil characteristics such as; soil stratigraphy, particle size, moisture content,permeability, sheershear strength, compressibility, and so forth. The chemical composition of soft formation soil
45、s can also bedetermined from the sample if provisions are made to ensure that clean, decontaminated tools are used in the sample gatheringprocedure. Field-extruded samples can be field-screened or laboratory-analyzed to determine the chemical composition of soil andcontained pore fluids. Using seale
46、d or protected sampling tools, cased boreholes, and proper advancement techniques can help inthe acquisition of good representative samples. A general knowledge of subsurface conditions at the site is beneficial.5.3 The use of this practice may not be the correct method for investigations of softer
47、formations in all cases. As with allsampling methods, subsurface conditions affect the performance of the sample gathering equipment and methods used. Forexample, research indicates that clean sands may undergo volume changes in the sampling process, due to drainage.4 Thehydraulically activated stat
48、ionary piston sampler is generally not effective for cohesive formations with unconfined, undrainedshear strength in excess of 2.0 tons per square foot, coarse sands, compact gravelly tills containing boulders and cobbles,compacted gravel, cemented soil, or solid rock. These formations may damage th
49、e sample or cause refusal to penetration. A smallpercentage of gravel or gravel cuttings in the base of the borehole can cause the tube to bend and deform, resulting in sampledisturbance. Certain cohesive soils, depending on their water content, can create friction on the thin-walled tube which can exceedthe hydraulic delivery force. Some rock formations can weather into soft or loose deposits where the hydraulically activatedstationary piston sampler may be functional. The absence of groundwater can affect the performance of this sampling tool.As withall sampling a
