1、Designation: D 6537 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forInstrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination ofPackage Performance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6537; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods for obtaining measuredshock responses using instrumentation for
3、 an actual or simu-lated product package system when subjected to defined shockinputs to measure package performance.1.2 This practice establishes methods for obtaining mea-sured shock data for use with shock and impact test methods.It is not intended as a substitute for performance testing ofshippi
4、ng containers and systems such as Practice D 4169.1.3 This practice will address acceleration measuring tech-niques. Other ways of measuring shock impacts, such as highspeed video, are not covered by this practice.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
5、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-me
6、ntsD 3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility ofProducts, Using Shock MachinesD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Co
7、ntainers byFree FallD 5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizon-tal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterD 5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Con-tainers by Shock MachinesD 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6179 Test
8、 Methods for Rough Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates2.2 ISO Standard:10012 Quality Assurance for Measuring Equipment33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution arefound in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to T
9、his Standard:3.2.1 accelerometera sensor that converts accelerationinto a proportional electric signal for measurement.3.2.2 coeffcient of restitutionthe ratio of the reboundvelocity to the impact velocity.3.2.3 complex waveformacceleration versus time graphrepresenting the responses of many differe
10、nt spring/masssystems when subjected to an impact. Also referred to as acomplex shock-pulse.3.2.4 faired accelerationthe amplitude representing theprimary or intended response system in a complex shock pulse.3.2.5 fairingthe graphical smoothing of a recorded pulseby visually estimating the amplitude
11、 of the primary waveformwhen high frequency responses are also present.3.2.6 peak accelerationthe maximum absolute value ofacceleration which occurred during the shock pulse.3.2.7 primary waveformacceleration versus time graphrepresenting the response of the spring/mass system of interestwhen subjec
12、ted to an impact. Also referred to as a primaryshock-pulse.3.2.8 pulse durationthe amount of time the shock accel-eration is beyond a reference level. This level is generally takenas 10 % of the pulse peak acceleration (not the zero baseline)to most accurately represent the effective duration and fr
13、e-quency of the pulse.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.16 on Instrumentation.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000
14、 as D 6537 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Ins
15、titute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.9 velocity changethe sum of the velocity at impactand the rebound velocity.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is in
16、tended to provide the user with aprocess to obtain data on package performance when apackaged product is subjected to shock. These measures can beused to quantify or qualify a package system.4.2 Data from this practice may provide a measure of apackages ability to mitigate the various levels of ship
17、pingshock or impact hazards. These measures may be used toprescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not inducedamage to the packaged product or to define the required levelsof protection that must be provided by its packaging.4.3 This practice could potentially be used in conjunctionwith t
18、he data derived from Test Method D 3332 (Method B) foroptimizing cushion design.4.4 This practice obtains data at the interface of the productand package (coupled) or element response, depending on theintent of the user (see 10.1 and 10.1.1).5. Apparatus5.1 Shock or impact apparatus shall be as desc
19、ribed in theestablished shock or impact method used. Examples of shockand impact apparatuses are described in Test Methods D 4003,D 5276, D 5277, D 5487 and D 6055.5.2 Instrumentation:5.2.1 Instrumentation SystemAccelerometer(s), cables,signal conditioner, and a data acquisition system are required
20、torecord acceleration versus time histories. The instrumentationsystem shall have the following minimum properties:5.2.1.1 Frequency response from at least 2 Hz to at least1000 Hz.5.2.1.2 Accuracy reading to be within 65 % of the actualvalue.5.2.1.3 AccelerometersAn appropriate accelerometershall be
21、 used that is capable of measuring the acceleration inputover the desired amplitude frequency and temperature range.Avoid accelerometers where the mass characteristics of theaccelerometer, including any attachments to it (mountings,cables, etc.), will affect the weight or stiffness of the surface to
22、which it is attached.NOTE 1A false reading of the mounting structure or unnecessary highfrequency responses will occur if the mass of the accelerometer is toolarge in relation to the mounting surface. The mass characteristics of theaccelerometer assembly should be less than110ththe mass of the struc
23、turebeing measured (1).45.2.1.4 Cross axis sensitivity less than 5 % of actual value.5.2.1.5 CablingUse cables that are suitable to the systemused. Accelerometer cables should be as lightweight andflexible as possible to avoid mass loading on the accelerometeror structure being tested. Cable length
24、may alter the desiredsignal depending on the application and type of accelerometerused. Refer to manufacturers recommendations for appropri-ate cable type and length because various accelerometer typesrequire special cables and are not necessarily interchangeable.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling procedures a
25、nd the number of test specimensdepends on the specific purposes and needs of the testing.Refer to the sampling procedure for the standard test methodchosen.7. Test Specimen7.1 Option 1Actual contents and package.7.1.1 Use this option to evaluate the protective capability ofthe package intended for s
26、hipment and when the actualcontents are available. Testing a prototype package may yieldresults that differ from a production manufactured package.Care should be taken to ensure that the construction andmaterials of the prototype are representative of a productionpackage. Re-testing may be required
27、with a production pack-age to verify earlier test results. (WarningDamage to the testspecimen may result from shock or impact testing.)7.1.2 The contents may or may not be operational or incalibration.7.2 Option 2Simulated contents and package.7.2.1 Use this option to evaluate the package when acces
28、s tothe actual contents is prohibitive because of availability,excessive cost or hazardous nature. This option may also bedesirable to eliminate or minimize high frequency responsesthat the actual product may produce.7.2.2 A mock-up simulating the actual product with respectto dimensions, center of
29、gravity, moment of inertia and otherproduct characteristics may be used.7.2.3 A dummy load may be used to represent the loadingcharacteristics of the actual product within the package.7.2.4 Mock-ups and dummy loads are to be fabricated fromrigid, non-responsive materials such as wood, plastic, model
30、-ing foam, aluminum, or steel, and be durable enough towithstand the intended impacts without failing. A mock-upload may use part(s) of the actual product with modifications toreplicate the actual product or be fabricated entirely from othermaterials.7.3 Minor modifications may be made to the produc
31、t orpackage to accommodate accelerometers, cabling, or to ob-serve the product during the test. Such modifications areallowed as long as they do not affect the test results.7.4 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation hasoccurred to the package if the test packages have been shippedto the te
32、st site. If any doubt exists as to the condition of thepackage, repackage the product in new packaging materialbefore testing.8. Calibration8.1 The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified toensure reliable test data.8.1.1 System calibration is generally accomplished by hav-ing each of the in
33、dividual components calibrated periodically(2).4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.D 6537 00 (2006)28.2 Verification of calibration must be performed on aregular basis to ensure compliance with all accuracy require-ments established in Sectio
34、n 5. Refer to manufacturers rec-ommendations on calibration schedules. Typically, systemverification is performed at least on an annual basis. In no caseshall the time interval between verification of system calibra-tion exceed 18 months.8.3 Contractual regulations may require more periodic cali-bra
35、tions.8.4 International standards, such as ISO 10012, provideinsight and methods for determining re-calibration intervals formost measuring equipment.8.5 Accelerometers may need to be re-calibrated on a morefrequent basis. Factors such as extent of use, environmental orother unusual conditions may r
36、equire that the accelerometer bere-calibrated before its scheduled due date.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition the package and components to the condition-ing requirements in accordance with the test method beingfollowed. Unless otherwise specified, conduct all tests with thesame conditions prevailing.10.
37、 Procedure10.1 Total Product ResponseMount the accelerometer at alocation on the product that represents the product as a singlemass. This location should be rigid and non-flexible to preventextraneous responses from being measured, thus distorting orinfluencing the resulting data. The accelerometer
38、 is to bemounted on the product, or simulated product, so that thesensitive axis of the accelerometer is aligned in the direction ofthe applied shock. Where possible, mount the accelerometernear the products center of gravity, or along a line passingthrough the center of gravity for the axis being m
39、easured.Measured shock responses from locations other than the centerof gravity may be misleading due to item rotation.NOTE 2Caution should be used when mounting the accelerometer tothe exterior of the product. Damage to the accelerometer can result if thereis insufficient distance between the produ
40、ct and the interior of the packageupon impact.NOTE 3Utilization of more than one accelerometer to record multipleaxes or vectors simultaneously can expedite testing when evaluatingmultiple orientations. Using multiple accelerometers eliminates the needto open the package and reposition the accelerom
41、eter after each series oftests. Triaxial type accelerometers work well for most applications wherethe mounting location is representative of the overall product movement.NOTE 4When comparing results of earlier testing, the accelerometershould be mounted in the same location as previous so that data
42、can becompared equally.10.1.1 Element or Component Response (Option 1Only)To measure acceleration imparted through the packageand through the products structure to a component or elementof interest, follow all accelerometer and mounting recommen-dations in 5.2.1.4, 10.1, and 10.2. The responses from
43、 anelement or component might not represent the performance ofthe cushion system due to the spring/mass characteristics of theelement or component.10.2 Accelerometer MountingThe method of accelerom-eter mounting can have a significant effect on quality of thedata. Looseness or loss of contact betwee
44、n the accelerometerand its mounting surface can cause false or spurious readings.The best and most reliable method is a threaded fasteningmounted directly to a smooth surface. Often this is not possibleor convenient, however, and methods using various adhesives,cements, magnetic mounts, and waxes ca
45、n be used with goodsuccess. See Appendix X1 for discussion on mounting tech-niques.10.2.1 The accelerometer should be mounted so that itssensitive axis is aligned as accurately as possible with theacceleration direction to be measured. Any misalignment willresult in an error which is proportional to
46、 the cosine of theangle between the accelerometers measuring direction and thedirection of actual motion.NOTE 5ExampleIf an accelerometer is mounted at an angle of 10from the direction of actual motion, it will measure only a component ofthe acceleration A, equal to A 3 cosine 10 = A 3 0.985, which
47、is an errorof 1.5 %.10.3 Document the sensing orientation of the accelerometerin reference to the axis of the product. When the package isassembled the accelerometer orientation may not be readilyaccessible. Most recording devices require pre-impact setupprior to each test to ensure that the shock o
48、r impact event forthe desired axis is recorded.10.4 Make necessary connections from the accelerometer(s)to the signal conditioner. Refer to manufacturers recommen-dations for proper connections. Labeling of the cables bychannel or axis is recommended if more than one accelerom-eter is used during te
49、sting.10.4.1 Cables should be securely fastened to the mountingstructure with tape, a clamp, or other adhesive to minimizecable whip and connector strain. Cable whip can introducenoise, especially in high impedance signal paths. Cable strainnear the electrical connector can often lead to intermittent orbroken connections and loss of data. Cables should be fastenedto the structure with ample slack equal to or greater than themaximum amount of potential displacement the structure mayundergo to avoid damage to the sensor/cable connection. SeeFig. 1 for
