1、Designation: D 6578 00Standard Practice forDetermination of Graffiti Resistance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a basic method for evaluatinggraffiti resistance of coatings, and use of this practice toevaluate graffiti resistance of coatin
3、gs after outdoor or labora-tory accelerated exposure. Graffiti resistance is based on how adefined set of markings is removed by a defined set of cleaningagents.1.2 A procedure for evaluating graffiti removal by alternatecleaning agents is included in a mandatory annex.1.3 This practice also defines
4、 procedures to evaluate graffitiremoval after remarking with subsequent re-cleaning. It doesnot address recoatability after a coating is no longer graffitiresistant.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This s
5、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
6、1 ASTM Standards:D 523 Test Method for Specular Gloss2D 740 Specification for Methyl Ethyl Ketone3D 5402 Practice for Assessing the Solvent Resistance ofOrganic Coatings Using Solvent Rubs4E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry2E 1349 Test
7、Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry2G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure ofNonmetallic Materials5G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials5G 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handlin
8、g of Nonme-tallic Materials for Natural andArtificial Weathering Tests5G 154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatusfor UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials53. Terminology3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113are appli-cable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
9、s Practice:3.2.1 graffti resistanceThe property of coatings to beresistant to the application of graffiti or exhibiting easy removalof graffiti without surface damage.3.2.2 repellentThe property of coatings that preventsmaterials commonly used as graffiti markings, from forming acontinuous film upon
10、 application.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A series of materials typically used as graffiti markingsis applied to test panels of the surface being evaluated. Thegraffiti markings are removed using a series of procedures thatbegin with wiping with a dry cloth and end with cleaning thesurface with an aggr
11、essive cleaner. The graffiti resistance isreported as a cleanability level based on the first method, whichcompletely removes the graffiti marking.5. Significance and Use5.1 Graffiti on building and structures is an ongoing andincreasing problem. A number of coatings have been producedthat are inten
12、ded to be resistant to the application of a graffitimarking, or to provide a surface from which such markings canbe easily removed. The procedures described in this practiceprovide a standard set of conditions that can be used to evaluatethe graffiti resistance of a surface.5.2 Graffiti resistance d
13、etermined according to this practiceis applicable to smooth surfaces. Graffiti resistance of the samecoatings applied to a rough or textured surface may be lower.5.3 Graffiti resistance of materials determined after naturalor laboratory accelerated weathering conducted according tothis practice, is
14、considered as having more weight than graffitiresistance of the same material determined using freshlyapplied graffiti on surfaces, that have not been weathered.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct
15、responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.46 on Industrial Protective Coatings.Current edition approved July 10, 2000. Published September 2000.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14
16、.04.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Graffiti resistance of materials determined after natural weath-ering should be considered as having more weight than graffitiresistance determined after laboratory accelerated weat
17、hering.6. Apparatus6.1 Aluminum Panels, sized to fit the washability apparatusused unless otherwise specified. A minimum of 15 panels willbe needed for each surface being tested for graffiti resistance.6.2 Straight-line Washability Apparatus, capable of a mov-ing a sponge/holder assembly over the ma
18、rked area of a testpanel at a speed of 37 6 1 cycles per min. The travel of thesponge/holder assembly shall be at least 203 mm (8 in.) in eachdirection.6.2.1 Cellulose Sponge, coarse pore grade meeting FederalSpecification L-S-626, Type II. The thickness of the spongeshall be such that when compress
19、ed between the holder and testpanel, there is at least 3 mm (18 in.) between the test panelsurface and the bottom of the sponge holder.6.2.2 Sponge Holder and Weights. The total dry weight ofthe holder plus weights shall be 1500 6 10 g.6.2.3 Stainless Steel Pan.6.2.4 “C” Clamps.6.2.5 Lint-free Cloth
20、 or Paper Towels, for cleaning appara-tus.6.3 Graffti Marking Material:6.3.1 Solvent-Based Ink Marker, blue,66.3.2 Solvent-Based Spray Paint, red,66.3.3 Wax Crayon, blue or black.6.3.4 Water-based Ink Marker, black,66.3.5 Other marking materials based on mutual agreementbetween all interested partie
21、s.6.4 Template, with 51-mm (2-in.) diameter hole used todefine area where graffiti marking material will be applied.6.5 Cleaning Material:6.5.1 Dry, Lint-Free Cotton Cloth.6.5.2 Mild Detergent, 1 % aqueous solution.6.5.3 Citrus-Based Cleaner, meeting the following basiccomposition: 40 to 90 % D-limo
22、nene, up to 50 % glycol ether,up to 13 % non-ionic surfactant.6.5.4 Isopropyl Alcohol.6.5.5 Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK), conforming to Specifi-cation D 740.6.6 Pipet or Syringe, capable of depositing 10 6 1mLofcleaning liquid on the test panel.6.7 For Outdoor ExposuresOutdoor Exposure Rack,meeting the
23、 requirements of Practice G7 for open backedexposures.6.8 For Laboratory Accelerated ExposuresFluorescentUV Exposure Device, equipped with fluorescent UVA lampswith peak emission at 343 nm, and operated in accordance withPractice G 154.6.9 Proper Safety Equipment, as determined from the sol-vent Mat
24、erial Safety Data sheets (MSDS), for example, solventresistant gloves, and respirator.7. Test Specimen7.1 Apply the material to be evaluated for graffiti resistanceto the aluminum test panels according to the manufacturersinstructions, following any relevant procedures for surfacepreparation prior t
25、o application.7.2 Unless otherwise specified, prepare at least three speci-mens of each material being evaluated for each phase of theprocedure described in this practice.NOTE 1For the four markings and five cleaning agents specified inthis practice, a total of 60 panels would provide three replicat
26、es for eachmarking/cleaner combination.7.2.1 Prepare also at least one file specimen that can be usedfor comparison to the unmarked or unexposed materials, orboth.7.3 Unless otherwise specified, allow the coated test speci-mens to cure for at least 24 h at room temperature beforecontinuing the test.
27、NOTE 2Some anti-graffiti coatings may require more than 24 h toachieve optimum graffiti resistance. In such cases, follow the manufac-turers recommendations for curing.7.4 Measure and record initial 60 gloss on coated testspecimen.7.5 After measuring gloss, place the template over thecenter of the p
28、repared test panel and apply the following graffitimarking materials uniformly within the outlined area. Do notapply more than one marking material to any test panel. Storethe marked panels at room temperature for at least 24 h beforebeginning to evaluate for removal.7.5.1 Solvent based ink marker:
29、blue permanent marker6,7.5.2 Solvent based spray paint: red6,7.5.3 Wax crayon: blue or black,7.5.4 Water Based ink marker: Black6, and7.5.5 Other making materials based on mutual agreementbetween all interested parties.7.5.6 If the graffiti marking material does not uniformly wetout the test panel,
30、the test surface is considered “repellent.”Cover as much of the surface as possible. In this case, theappearance of the dried marking may be very irregular.8. Graffiti Removal Procedure Using Washability Tester8.1 Level the washability apparatus and set it to operate at aspeed of 37 6 1 cycles/min (
31、cpm); each cycle consisting of acomplete forward and reverse stroke.8.2 Center the stainless steel tray and test panel below thepath traveled by the sponge/holder and use “C” clamps tosecurely clamp them in place.8.3 Wrap a dry, lint-free cotton cloth around the sponge sothat there are at least two
32、layers covering the top and bottomsurfaces.8.4 Place the cotton-wrapped sponge in the sponge holderand position on the traveling arm of the washability apparatus.8.5 Operate the washability apparatus until the wrappedsponge moves across the marked area 50 times (25 completecycles).8.5.1 After the pa
33、nel has been washed for 25 completecycles, gently wipe it with no more than three complete cyclesusing a clean, lint-free cotton cloth to remove the last remainsof any material.6Solvent-based permanent ink marker, Blue Sharpiey, water-based ink marker,Eberhard Faber Black, and solvent-based spray pa
34、int, Krylony Red have beenfound to be suitable marking agents.D65780028.6 Evaluate the test specimen for removal of graffiti.8.6.1 Proceed to the next most aggressive cleaner, (see 6.5),if visual inspection shows that it is obvious that the markinghas not been removed (8.8).8.6.2 A marking is consid
35、ered as completely removed ifthere is no visual evidence of residual material or “shadow”and the following two criteria are met:8.6.2.1 Retention of 60 GlossAfter the graffiti markinghas been removed, measure the 60 gloss according to TestMethod D 523 on each specimen. Determine the ratio of theaver
36、age gloss measured after the marking has been removed, tothe average gloss measured on the panels prior to marking. Theratio shall be at least 0.80.8.6.2.2 Color ShiftFor each replicate specimen, measurecolor in accordance with Test Methods E 1347 or E 1349 in thearea where the graffiti was removed,
37、 and in an area where nograffiti was applied. Calculate Delta E CIE LAB based oncomparison of the average color coordinates for the cleanedsurface, and the average color coordinates for the surface priorto marking, or for an unmarked area of the same specimen. Fora graffiti marking to be considered
38、as completely removed, theDelta E shall be less than 1.8.6.2.3 Evaluate and report any other damage that may haveoccurred during the graffiti removal (for example, blistering,softening, loss of adhesion, etc.) according to relevant stan-dards.8.7 If the marking is completely removed from all replica
39、tepanels after cleaning with the dry cotton cloth according to8.2-8.6, the test is complete, and the surface can be rated as“Cleanability Level 1.”8.8 If cleaning with the cotton cloth wrapped sponge doesnot completely remove the marking, mount a fresh test panelwith the graffiti marking in the tray
40、 of the washability appara-tus according to 8.2. Saturate a clean sponge with a 1 %aqueous solution of mild detergent and place it in the spongeholder assembly. Place 10 mL of the aqueous detergentsolution on either side of the marked area and operate thewashability apparatus according to 8.5, until
41、 the sponge movesacross the marked area 50 times (25 complete cycles). Repeatfor each replicate panel with the marking being evaluated, andevaluate for graffiti removal according to 8.6. If the marking iscompletely removed from all replicate panels, the test iscomplete and the surface can be rated a
42、s “Cleanability Level2.”8.9 If cleaning with the 1 % aqueous solution of milddetergent does not completely remove the marking, repeat thesteps described in 8.8 using the citrus cleaner. If the marking iscompletely removed from all replicate panels, the test iscomplete, and the surface can be rated a
43、s “Cleanability Level3.”8.10 If cleaning with the citrus cleaner according to 8.9 doesnot completely remove the marking, repeat the steps describedin 8.8, using isopropanol. If the marking is completely re-moved from all replicate panels, the test is complete and thesurface can be rated as “Cleanabi
44、lity Level 4.”8.11 If cleaning with the isopropanol according to 8.10 doesnot completely remove the marking, repeat the steps describedin 8.8 using MEK. If the marking is completely removed fromall replicate panels, the test is complete and the surface can berated as “Cleanability Level 5.” If the g
45、raffiti marking is notcompletely removed from any of the replicate panels, the testis complete and the surface is rated as “Not Cleanable.”8.12 If the washability tester does not comply with appli-cable safety requirements for use of solvents near electricalequipment, evaluate cleanability with isop
46、ropanol, MEK, andany other solvents using the manual method described inSection 9.NOTE 3Evaluation of other cleaning agents is described in Annex A1of this practice.9. Graffiti Removal Procedure Using Manual SolventRubs9.1 In some cases, it may not be possible to evaluate graffitiresistance using a
47、washability tester. In these cases, thefollowing manual cleaning procedure may be used if agreedupon between all interested parties.9.2 Wrap a clean sponge with at least two layers of dry,lint-free cotton cloth and rub across the marked area of a set ofmarked specimens for 25 complete back and forth
48、 cycles, inaccordance with Practice D 5402. If it is obvious that themarking has been removed, the rubbing can be stopped before25 complete cycles.9.2.1 After the panel has been cleaned for 25 completecycles, gently wipe it with no more than three complete cyclesusing a fresh clean, lint-free cotton
49、 cloth to remove the lastremains of any material, then evaluate for graffiti removal inaccordance with 8.6.9.3 If cleaning with the cotton cloth wrapped sponge doesnot completely remove the marking, saturate a clean spongewith a 1 % aqueous solution of mild detergent, and rub acrossthe marked area of a set of marked specimens for 25 completeback and forth cycles in accordance with Practice D 5402.Ifitis obvious that the marking has been removed, the rubbing canbe stopped before 25 complete cycles. Repeat for each repli-cate panel with the marking being evaluated and evalu
