1、Designation: D 6597 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forAssessment of Attaining Clean Up Level for Site Closure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6597; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the steps necessary to determine ifa site is ready for closure with emphasis on general sa
3、mplingtechniques and how to determine if the agreed upon level ofremediation has been achieved.1.2 A minimum of statistical procedures is used in thispractice.1.3 The standard practice does not address radioactive wastesites nor does it cover every situation that can occur in the field.It does cover
4、 the following general sampling techniques: soilsampling, swipe sampling of buildings and equipment, surfaceimpoundments, waste piles, and layered tanks. It does notcover drum sampling, general water sampling and monitoringwells and their construction.1.4 This standard does not purport to address al
5、l safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices to determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1452 Practice for Soil Investi
6、gation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4547 Guide for Sampling Waste a
7、nd Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planni
8、ng and ImplementationD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5792 Practice for Generatio
9、n of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 6009 Guide for Sampling Waste PilesD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste a
10、nd Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD 6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Con-fidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentrationin Waste Management DecisionsD 6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection andOpt
11、imization of Sampling DesignE 1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent LeadDetermination2.2 API Standard:API Standard 2015 Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks32.3 Federal Standards:Title 40, Code of Federal Regulation (CFR), Part 245,4Title 40, Code
12、 of Federal Regulation (CFR), Part 265,Guidance on Demonstrating Equivalence43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 clean up level, na concentration of a compound orelement, in a defined volume of material, that is allowed toremain on a site.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe nume
13、rical level usually is deter-mined during the DQO process using a mean, median, or1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published Marc
14、h 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 6597 - 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
15、mary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Petroleum Institute, 1801 K Street NW, Washington,DC 20226.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
16、428-2959, United States.percentage value based upon health risk, fate and transportconsideration, site location and intended use.3.1.2 closure, nall waste and manufactured residue areremediated to an acceptable clean up level.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The site is determined to be remediated and read
17、y to beclosed when site contaminant concentrations meet the agreedupon cleanup level for the site for each media of concern andsampling and analysis procedures meet data quality objectives(DQOs).4.2 Optimization of sampling design is discussed in brief orby reference.4.3 The site closure document as
18、sumes that the site has beencharacterized, the characterization was found to be adequate,and DQOs were met.4.4 A copy of the table of contents of a closure plansubmitted to a government agency is included to give anoverall view of some items that should be considered. Thisexample should be used only
19、 for guidance (see AppendixX1.2).4.5 This site closure practice contains lists of equipment andsampling methods used in sampling of soils and buildings toconfirm the cleanup level(s) has/have been reached.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice contains a mechanism to determine thatthe hazardous co
20、nstituents have been remediated to an accept-able level.5.2 This practice assists both the regulator and the owner/operator in establishing cost-effective steps and proceduresnecessary to determine if the site has achieved its objective forsite closure.5.3 This practice can be applied to hazardous a
21、nd nonhaz-ardous spills or leaks, surface impoundments, waste piles,buildings, and tanks. The general nature of this practice allowsits use in a large variety of situations.6. Planning Using the DQO Process6.1 The Practice D 5792 is a companion to this practice. Athorough study of this practice will
22、 prevent many costlymistakes later in the remediation program. The Code of FederalRegulations document 40 CFR 245 covers the DQo process).6.2 The DQO process should be completed and agreed to bythe stakeholders.6.2.1 The DQO process must specify some numerical valueor values that the stakeholders ag
23、ree beforehand that thedecision for site closure shall depend on (see Note 1). Forexample, the decision rule may state that if the lower 95 %confidence limit is less than the regulatory limit, then the siteis safe to close (see Practice D 6250). In that case, noadditional sampling is needed and the
24、site may be closed. Theconditions for site closure must be stated clearly.NOTE 1At some sites, the cleanup goal may be to eliminate anexposure pathway, as is done for installation of slurry walls or caps aroundor on a site. In these cases no numerical cleanup level is specified.6.3 After the site ha
25、s been remediated, the question becomeswhether the effort has met the clean up level. The verificationprocess is established during the DQO process. The processmay require additional sampling or simply a visual confirma-tion.6.3.1 The number of samples and where they will be takenwill depend upon th
26、e values and acceptable risk establishedduring the DQO process.NOTE 2The number of samples may change if the sampling resultsindicate additional remediation is required.7. General Sampling Considerations7.1 A written sampling plan should be prepared before thesampling begins. There are several ASTM
27、documents thestakeholders may want to review during the planning process,and they include: Guides D 4687, D 5434, and D 6051 andPractice D 5283.7.2 Complete records of all sampling activities must bemaintained.7.3 Before the final sampling commences, the project man-ager or other responsible party s
28、hould confirm that the site isready for the final sampling in preparation for closure. Anydifferences between planned and actual remediation activitiesshould be documented.8. Sample Design8.1 The sampling design is established and optimized dur-ing the DQO process.8.1.1 The sampling design may chang
29、e if the data from thesamples do not confirm clean closure has been achieved. Thesampling design should be reevaluated because the site condi-tions have changed due to the remediation effort. Fewersamples may be required for the second confirmation try.8.1.2 After further remediation has occurred, t
30、he site againis sampled for confirmation that the site meets the clean closurerequirements and the DQOs. If the cleanup level(s) has/havebeen reached and the DQOs have been met, the site is ready forclosure.9. Determination of Attainment of Clean Closure9.1 The decision rule for closure attainment t
31、ypically isspecified in Step 5 of a DQO process (see Practice D 5792).9.2 Clean closure value or values usually are developed andagreed to by the stakeholders during the DQO process. Thevalues often are mandated by regulations.9.3 Examples of closure attainment in the decision rule caninclude the fo
32、llowing:9.3.1 When the upper 95 % confidence limit of the mean isless than the regulatory limit,9.3.2 When the lower 95 % confidence limit of the mean isless than the regulatory limit,9.3.3 When the sample mean is less than the regulatorylimit, and9.3.4 When there is a 90 % confidence that no more t
33、han5 % of the samples are expected to exceed the regulatory limit(in statistical terms, when the upper 95 % tolerance limit is lessthan the regulatory limit with 90 % confidence).9.4 The first three examples (9.3.1, 9.3.2 and 9.3.3) have todo with closure decisions based on the mean concentration of
34、a site. Details of how these decision rules can be formulatedstatistically are given in Practice D 6250.D 6597 00 (2006)29.5 At other times, the decision rule can be a qualitative one.For example, a decision-maker can conclude that closurestandard has been achieved when all the sample values arebelo
35、w detection limit.9.6 A review of the US Government guidance document tohelp the user demonstrating clean colsure equivalence will behelpful. It is found in Code of Federal Regulation, 40 CFR 265.9.7 Other documents that contain more detailed statisticalmethods are “Statistical Methods for Evaluatin
36、g theAttainmentof Cleanup Standards”5and USEPA document “Methods forEvaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards.610. Sampling Soils10.1 Selecting appropriate sampling equipment for a siteinvestigation or closure can be a challenging task. Samplingequipment should be selected to accommodate all of
37、 the knownphysical characteristics of concern or chosen, such that theeffect of any sampling bias is minimized. In general, the sametypes of equipment used during the investigation phase ofsampling can be used during the confirmation phase.10.1.1 The sampling equipment should not discriminateagainst
38、 certain physical characteristics, for example, phase orparticle size.10.1.2 Other considerations in selecting the sampling equip-ment is the ability to access and extract the sample from therelevant location in the target population, ability to collect asufficient mass of sample so that the target
39、population isrepresented, ease of operation, cost of the equipment, and theability to properly decontaminate the sampling apparatus.Guide D 6232 provides criteria for selecting sampling equip-ment. Also consider Guide D 5730.10.2 A list of samplers that are in use to sample soils arefound in Appendi
40、x X1.11. Sampling Waste Piles and Surface Impoundments11.1 It is assumed that the waste pile or surface impound-ment has been remediated. The question is whether the site hasbeen remediated to the condition specified in the DQOs. Inmost cases, automated soil boring is most appropriate fortaking samp
41、les from the sides and bottom of the remediatedsite. Hand equipment can be used when sampling locations arebased on knowledge gained during the site assessment stage,such as locations where the highest concentration of thecompounds of interest was located.NOTE 3Guides D 6009 and D 6311 will help the
42、 user in the determi-nation of how to sample waste piles and set up a sampling plan.11.2 If the clean-up level(s) has/have been reached and theDQOs have been met, then site closure can proceed. If it isdetermined that the clean up level has not been reached, furtherexcavation and additional sampling
43、 may be required. If unex-pected exceedances are detected, the conceptual model mayhave to be revisited to determine if the model is still valid.12. Sampling Tanks12.1 The tank should be inspected visually before anysampling is done to ensure that the contents have been removedand the tank is clean.
44、12.2 After the visual check has been completed from the topaccess panel and the oxygen content is adequate for entry, thetank may be opened and a swipe sample or other appropriatesamples taken to determine if level of remaining material is ata level below the clean up level (see API Standard 2015).
45、Thenumber of samples is dependent upon the level of confidencerequired (see Guide D 6311).13. Buildings and Equipment13.1 A site may contain buildings and equipment used inconjunction with hazardous materials resulting in the need fordecontamination before being removed from the site. Proce-dures su
46、ch as washing with detergents and water or solventscan be used to clean up the building or equipment (see PracticeD 5088). After the cleaning procedure has been completed, theresults may require verification before the building or equip-ment is removed or dismantled.13.2 Wet-wipe sampling (see Pract
47、ice E 1728) or cyclonevacuuming procedures are used frequently and the resultscompared with a fixed standard. Generally, authoritative sam-pling is used; however, systematic random sampling can beused if a more accurate estimate of the mean concentration isrequired.14. Keywords14.1 clean; closure; d
48、econtaminate; impoundment; site;soils; tank; waste5Gilbert, R. O. and Simpson, J. C., “Statistical Methods for Evaluating theAttainment of Cleanup Standards”, Vol 3, “Reference-Based Standards for Soils andSolid Media”, Prepared for the USEPA by Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland,WA, PNL-7409 Vo
49、l 3, Rev. 1, 1992.6USEPA, “Methods for Evaluating theAttainment of Cleanup Standards”, Vol 1:Soils and Solid Media,” Statistical Policy Branch (PM-223), 1989b.D 6597 00 (2006)3APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SOIL SAMPLING DEVICESX1.1 Augers (see Practice D 1452) and trier samplers (seePractice D 5451) are used primarily for disturbed or grabsamples used in chemical analyses. Hand augers will reachsurface soils to depths of 3 to 15 ft (1 to 5 m).X1.2 Split barrel samplers (see Test Method D 1586)provide samples that allow description of lithology and othersubsurface featur
