1、Designation: D6615 14a An American National StandardStandard Specification forJet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications for purchases of aviation tu
3、rbinefuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviationturbine fuel for civil use. This fuel has advantages for opera-tions in very low temperature environments compared withother fuels described in Specification D1655. This fuel isintended for use in aircraft that are
4、certified to use such fuel.NOTE 1The technical requirements of this product, at the time of thefirst publication of this specification, are substantially identical to therequirements of Jet B in Specification D1655.1.3 This specification does not define the quality assurancetesting and procedures ne
5、cessary to ensure that fuel in thedistribution system continues to comply with this specificationafter batch certification. Such procedures are definedelsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530,JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8
6、6 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD109
7、4 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petr
8、o-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of AviationTurbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1992)3D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons i
9、n Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in AviationFuel by Line SamplingD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD262
10、4 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In AviationTurbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Ox
11、idation Stability ofAviation Turbine FuelsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity
12、of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4294 Test Method for Sulfur i
13、n Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubco
14、mmittee D02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published July 2014. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D6615 14. DOI:10.1520/D6615-14A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
15、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyr
16、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb C
17、alorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by t
18、he Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (BOCLE)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtr
19、ationD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6379 Test Method for Determination of Arom
20、atic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index DetectionE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 IP Standard:4EI/JIG 1530 Quality Assurance Requirements
21、for theManufacture, Storage and Distribution of Aviation Fuelsto AirportsIP 225 Copper Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel2.3 API Standards:5API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Test-ing of Aviation Fuel During Shipment from Refinery toAirportAPI 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maint
22、enance,and Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Termi-nals52.4 Joint Inspection Group Standards:6JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control avtag; Jet B; jet fuel; turbine fuel;wide-cutAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AVIATION TURBINE FUELSX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.
23、1 This appendix describes the performance character-istics of aviation turbine fuels. A more detailed discussion ofthe individual test methods and their significance is found inASTM Manual No. 1.12X1.2 Significance and UseX1.2.1 Specification D6615 defines one type of jet fuel forcivil use. Limiting
24、 values for the two types of fuel covered areplaced on fuel properties believed to be related to the perfor-mance of the aircraft and engines in which they are mostcommonly used.X1.2.2 The safe and economical operation of aircraft re-quires fuel that is essentially clean and dry and free of anyconta
25、mination prior to use. It is possible to measure a numberof jet fuel characteristics related to quality.X1.2.3 The significance of standard tests for fuel propertiesmay be summarized for convenience in terms of the technicalrelationships with performance characteristics as shown inTable X1.1.X1.2.4
26、The acceptability of additives for use must ulti-mately be determined by the engine and aircraft type certificateholder and must be approved by his certifying authority. In theUnited States ofAmerica, the certifying authority is the FederalAviation Administration.X1.3 Thermal StabilityX1.3.1 Stabili
27、ty to oxidation and polymerization at theoperating temperatures encountered in certain jet aircraft is animportant performance requirement. The thermal stability mea-surements are related to the amount of deposits formed in theengine fuel system on heating the fuel in a jet aircraft.Commercial jet f
28、uels should be thermally stable at fueltemperature as high as 163C (325F). Such fuels have beendemonstrated to have inherent storage stability.X1.3.2 In 1973, Test Method D3241 replaced Method ofTest D1660, known as the ASTM Coker for the determinationof oxidative thermal stability. (See CRC Report
29、450, dated1969 and revised in 1972. See also Bert and Painters SAEpaper 730385.13) Today, a single pass/fail run with the tubetemperature controlled at 260C is used to ensure compliancewith the specifications minimum requirements. For a morecomplete characterization of a fuels thermal stability, a b
30、reak-point can be obtained. The breakpoint is the highest tubetemperature at which the fuel still passes the specificationrequirements of the tube deposit color and pressure differential.Normally, obtaining a breakpoint requires two or more runs atdiffering tube temperatures. Breakpoints are therefo
31、re not usedfor quality control, but they serve mostly for research purposes.X1.4 CombustionX1.4.1 Jet fuels are continuously burned in a combustionchamber by injection of liquid fuel into the rapidly flowing12ASTM MNL 1, Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products,ASTM International, W. C
32、onshohocken, 1993.13Bert, J. A., and Painter, L., “A New Fuel Thermal Stability Test (A Summaryof Coordinating Research Council Activity),” SAE Paper 730385, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1973.D6615 14a5stream of hot air. The fuel is vaporized and burned at nearstoichiometric condi
33、tions in a primary zone. The hot gases soproduced are continuously diluted with excess air to lower theirtemperature to a safe operating level for the turbine. Fuelcombustion characteristics relating to soot formation are em-phasized by current specification test methods. Other fuelcombustion charac
34、teristics not covered in current specificationsare burning efficiency and flame-out.X1.4.2 In general, paraffin hydrocarbons offer the mostdesirable combustion cleanliness characteristics for jet fuels.Naphthenes are the next most desirable hydrocarbons for thisuse. Although olefins generally have g
35、ood combustioncharacteristics, their poor gum stability usually limits their usein aircraft turbine fuels to about 1 % or less. Aromaticsgenerally have the least desirable combustion characteristicsfor aircraft turbine fuel. In aircraft turbines, they tend to burnwith a smoky flame and release a gre
36、ater proportion of theirchemical energy as undesirable thermal radiation than the otherhydrocarbons. Naphthalenes or bicyclic aromatics producemore soot, smoke, and thermal radiation than monocyclicaromatics and are, therefore, the least desirable hydrocarbonclass for aircraft jet fuel use. All of t
37、he following measure-ments are influenced by the hydrocarbon composition of thefuel and, therefore, pertain to combustion quality: luminometernumber, smoke point, percent naphthalenes, and percent aro-matics.14X1.4.2.1 Smoke PointThis method provides an indicationof the relative smoke-producing prop
38、erties of jet fuels and isrelated to the hydrocarbon-type composition of such fuels.Generally, the more highly aromatic the jet fuel, the moresmoky the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of lowsmoke-producing tendency.X1.4.2.2 AromaticsThe combustion of highly aromatic jetfuels generally res
39、ults in smoke and carbon or soot deposition,and it is therefore desirable to limit the total aromatic contentas well as the naphthalenes in jet fuels.X1.4.2.3 Percent NaphthalenesThis method covers mea-surement of the total concentration of naphthalene,acenaphthene, and alkylated derivatives of thes
40、e hydrocarbonsin jet fuels containing no more than 5 % of such compoundsand having boiling points below 600F (316C).X1.5 Fuel Metering and Aircraft RangeX1.5.1 DensityDensity is a property of a fluid and is ofsignificance in metering flow and in mass-volume relationshipsfor most commercial transacti
41、ons. It is particularly useful inempirical assessments of heating value when used with otherparameters, such as aniline point or distillation. A low densitymay indicate low heating value per unit volume.X1.5.2 Net Heat of CombustionThe design of aircraft andengines is based on the convertibility of
42、heat into mechanicalenergy. The net heat of combustion provides a knowledge ofthe amount of energy obtainable from a given fuel for theperformance of useful work; in this instance, power. Aircraftdesign and operation are dependent upon the availability of acertain predetermined minimum amount of ene
43、rgy as heat.Consequently, a reduction in heat energy below this minimumis accompanied by an increase in fuel consumption withcorresponding loss of range. Therefore, a minimum net heat ofcombustion requirement is incorporated in this specification.The determination of net heat of combustion is time c
44、onsumingand difficult to conduct accurately. This led to the developmentand use of the aniline point and density relationship to estimatethe heat of combustion of the fuel. This relationship is usedalong with the sulfur content of the fuel to obtain the net heat14Supporting data have been filed at A
45、STM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1258. A task force studied thepossible use of hydrogen content as an alternative to aromatics content andcompleted the report in 1989.TABLE X1.1 Performance Characteristics of Aviation Turbine FuelsPerformance Cha
46、racteristics Test Method SectionsEngine fuel system deposits and coke Thermal stability X1.3Combustion properties Smoke point X1.4.2.1Aromatics X1.4.2.2Percent naphthalenes X1.4.2.3Fuel metering and aircraft range Density X1.5.1Net heat of combustion X1.5.2Fuel atomization Distillation X1.6.1Vapor p
47、ressure X1.6.2Fluidity at low temperature Freezing point X1.7.1Compatibility with elastomer and the metals in the fuel Mercaptan sulfur X1.8.1system and turbine Sulfur X1.8.2Copper strip corrosion X1.8.3Fuel storage stability Existent gum X1.9.1Fuel cleanliness, handling Water reaction X1.10.1Water
48、separation characteristics X1.10.2Free water and particulate contamination X1.10.3Particulate matterMembrane color ratingsUndissolved waterX1.10.4X1.10.5X1.10.6Static electricity Conductivity X1.10.7Fuel lubricating ability (lubricity) Fuel lubricity X1.11Miscellaneous AdditivesSample containersLeak
49、 detection additiveColorX1.12.1X1.12.2X1.12.3X1.12.4D6615 14a6of combustion by Test Method D4529 for the purposes of thisspecification. An alternative calculation, Test Method D3338,is based on correlations of aromatics content, gravity, volatility,and sulfur content. This method may be preferred at refinerieswhere all these values are normally obtained and the necessityto obtain the aniline point is avoided. The direct measurementmethod, Test Method D4809, is normally used only as a refereemethod in cases of dispute.X1.6 Fuel AtomizationX1.6.1 DistillationThe fuel
