1、Designation: D 6616 01a (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered BearingSimulator Viscometer at 100C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6616; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determina
3、tion ofthe viscosity of engine oils at 100C and 1106s1using theTapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2NOTE 1This test method is similar to Test Method D 4683 which usesthe same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150C.1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this testm
4、ethod range from approximately 5 to 12 mPas (cP) at 100Cand either the manual or automated protocol was used by eachparticipant in developing the precision statement. The viscosityrange of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPas(cP) to above 25 mPas (cP), depending on the model of TBS.1.3
5、 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish theshear rate of 1106s1for this test method has a viscosity ofapproximately 10 mPas at 100C.1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oilhas not been determined in preparing the viscometric informa-tion for this test method.1.5 The val
6、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPas)as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise(cP), which is shown in parentheses.1.6 This standard does not purpo
7、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 4
8、683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High ShearRate and High Temperature by Tapered Bearing Simulator3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume. In the SI, the unitof density is the kilogram per cubic metre, but for practical use,a submultiple is more convenient. The g
9、ram per cubic centi-metre is equivalent to 103kg/m3and is customarily used.3.1.2 Newtonian oil or fluidan oil or fluid that at a giventemperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates orshear stresses.3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil or fluidan oil or fluid that exhib-its a viscosity that varies w
10、ith changing shear stress or shearrate.3.1.4 shear ratethe velocity gradient in fluid flow. The SIunit for shear rate is s1.3.1.5 shear stressthe motivating force per unit area forfluid flow. The area is the area under shear.3.1.6 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand the rate of sh
11、ear. It is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is a measure of the resis-tance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity is thePascalsecond; often the milliPascalsecond or its equivalentthe centiPoise is found more convenient.3.1.6.1 apparent viscosit
12、ythe viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid at a given shear rate or shear stress determinedby this test method.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 idling oil2an oxidatively stable Newtonian oil in-jected into the operating viscometer stator when the instrumentis likely to be held f
13、or periods of time greater than 30 min and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07.0B on High Temperature Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Publish
14、ed June 2006. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6616 01a.2Available from Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. Thisviscometer and associated equipment as listed in the research report was used todevelop the precision statement. To date, no other
15、equipment has demonstrated,through ASTM interlaboratory testing, the ability to meet the precision of this test.This is not an endorsement or certification by ASTM.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
16、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.up to two weeks at 100C. Use of this oil prevents statordeposits from additives, w
17、hich may decompose after longerexposure times in the operating viscometer and permits con-tinuous operation of the viscometer without need to shut theinstrument off.3.2.2 Newtonian Reference Oil2a specially blended New-tonian oil that has the same viscosity at 100C as thenon-Newtonian reference oil
18、of 3.2.3.3.2.3 non-Newtonian reference oil2a specially formulatednon-Newtonian oil, identified as NNR-10, having a selectedapparent viscosity at 1106s1shear rate. The oil is used toestablish an operating gap between the rotor and stator whichwill produce 1106s1shear rate when the rotor height isadju
19、sted to give a torque output equivalent to that of the specialreference oil described in 3.2.2.3.2.4 reciprocal torque intersection, 1/Tithe rotor positionon the micrometer defined by the intersection of two straightlines generated by the reciprocal torque method using theNewtonian reference oil of
20、3.2.2 and non-Newtonian referenceoil of 3.2.3. Reciprocal torque versus rotor height measure-ments on both oils gives straight lines whose intersection, 1/Ti,establishes the desired rotor position for operation at 1106s1shear rate.3.2.5 reference Newtonian calibration oils2specially cho-sen Newtonia
21、n oils used to determine the viscosity-torquerelationship of the TBS viscometer at 100C from which theviscosity of an unknown oil is calculated.3.2.6 rotor height (rotor position)the vertical position ofthe rotor relative to the stator and measured by the platformmicrometer.3.2.6.1 stored rotor heig
22、ht (rotor position)the rotor posi-tion with the rotor 0.50 mm above the rubbing contact position(see 3.2.7) when the instrument is shut down.3.2.7 rubbing contact positionthe rotor height determinedwhen the tapered rotor is lightly brought into contact with thesimilarly tapered stator.3.2.8 test oil
23、any oil for which the apparent viscosity is tobe determined by this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A motor drives a tapered rotor closely fitted inside amatched tapered stator. Appropriate technique establishes op-eration of the viscometer to yield 1106s1at a temperature of100C at which po
24、int test oils are introduced into the gapbetween the spinning rotor and stationary stator. The rotorexhibits a reactive torque to the viscous resistance of each testoil and the value of this torque response is used to determinethe apparent viscosity of the test oil at 100C.5. Significance and Use5.1
25、 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this testmethod is thought to be particularly representative of bearingconditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as wellas automotive and heavy duty engines operating in thistemperature regime.5.2 The importance of viscosity under these co
26、nditions hasbeen stressed in railroad specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometers2(TBS)a vis-cometer consisting of a motor connected to a slightly taperedrotor that fits into a matched stator. Several models of the TBSare in use. All of these are capable of analyzing test oi
27、ls at100C but earlier models are more limited in their upperviscosity range.6.2 Different models of the tapered bearing simulator (TBS)have the following upper levels of operating viscosities at1106s1shear rate:6.2.1 Model Series 400 (similar to Fig. 1);14 mPas(cP), dual speed.6.2.2 Model Series 500
28、 (Fig. 1); 16 mPas (cP) singlespeed.6.2.3 Model Series 600 (Fig. 2);100 mPas (cP) (usuallyliquid cooled), dual speed.6.2.4 Model Series SS (SuperShear) (similar to Fig. 1);20 mPas (cP), multi-speed.6.2.5 Model Series 2100 E (Fig. 3);20 mPas (cP) (seeNote 2), multi-speed.NOTE 2TBS Models 500, 600, an
29、d SS use a so-called bouncer toautomate unloading and reloading the load cell just before taking a torquereading. (All automated units apply the bouncer at the appropriate point ofoperation as part of their program.) If a bouncer is not on the TBS modelused (Model 400), the effect is generated by pl
30、acing the thumb on thebrass weight pin and turning the turntable slightly in a clockwise directionand quickly releasing the turntable. The bearingless Models 2100 E do notrequire unloading the cell since there is no turntable bearing.6.3 Automated System for Calibration, Injection, and DataAnalysis
31、ProgramsAn automated program for the TaperedBearing Simulator, simulating the manual method has beenused.6.4 ConsoleThe console shown in Fig. 4 is similar inModels 400, 500, and 600. Consoles for Series SS and 2100 Ehave provisions for changing motor speed.All consoles containthe power source for th
32、e load cell, thermoregulator circuit,stator-heating element, and motor. They also contain thecircuitry for regulating and monitoring the temperature of theoil in the stator as well as the amplifier and digital readout ofthe load cell.NOTE 3The thermoregulator circuit of the TBS viscometers hasevolve
33、d as improvements have been made in the solid-state temperaturecontroller and heater. To achieve the 5 min analysis time specified in thistest method requires a late model solid-state controller with automaticreset coupled to a thermo-foil stator heater with small heat inertia or afast-responding th
34、ermoregulated liquid bath.26.5 Cooling SystemsTwo cooling systems are availablefor TBS viscometer work at 100C: forced air cooling andliquid bath cooling. The stator housing is prepared for theformer but must be modified for the latter according todirections from the manufacturer.6.6 Glass SyringeA
35、50-mL glass syringe equipped with aLuer needle lock fits the tip of the filling tube for injection oftest oil into the test cell. Smaller glass and plastic syringes canbe used if any air bubble in the fill tube caused by the exchangeof syringes is first pulled up into the next syringe to be used.D 6
36、616 01a (2006)26.7 Filter AssemblyA unit made of a filter holder2andnominal 10- filter2is interposed between the syringe and thefilling tube to remove particles capable of damaging therotor/stator cell.6.8 Data Recording EquipmentSome form of recordingthe torque and temperature data produced by the
37、taperedbearing simulator is desired in order to (1) determine torque/temperature equilibrium and (2) determine the torque withFIG. 1 Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 500FIG. 2 High Torque Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 600D 6616 01a (2006)3sufficient precision to calculate visc
38、osity to the second decimalplace. Early in the use of the TBS viscometer, a strip-chartrecorder was used, later an automated, computer-based record-ing system was developed with both a computer-simulatedstrip chart and with data digitally recorded.NOTE 4Although the console has a torque indicator th
39、at can be usedfor determining viscosity, it has been found that the small oscillatoryvariation of torque with time makes desirable the recording and analysisof the torque output more precise, particularly when determining torqueequilibrium.6.8.1 Strip-chart Recorder:6.8.1.1 If a strip-chart recorder
40、 is used to record the torqueand temperature output signals, use the manufacturers direc-tions for calibrating and setting up the strip chart for recordingFIG. 3 Multi-Speed Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 2100EFIG. 4 Control Console for Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Models 400, 50
41、0, and 600D 6616 01a (2006)4torque/temperature data (see Note 5). The torque reading mustbe in milliVolts and the temperature in C with a full-scalechart range of 20 to 120C.6.8.1.2 Use a chart speed of 1 cm/min for recording.6.8.1.3 Set and, when necessary, reset, the strip chart torquevoltage to t
42、hat which will permit recording the torque as muchas possible on the upper two-thirds of the chart paper formaximum sensitivity.6.8.1.4 Factor the resulting voltage values to calculate thecorrect values of torque.NOTE 5Although the digital information from the torque output meteron the viscometer co
43、nsole can be, and is, used for recording additional testinformation, it is desirable to use a two-pen, strip-chart recorder or itscomputer equivalent since this provides a continuous torque/temperaturerecord of torque/temperature equilibrium necessary for precision incalibration and in calculating v
44、iscosity.6.8.2 Computer Accumulation of Torque and TemperatureDataComputer recording of digital data can also be used forthe test method. Such programs should show data for bothtorque and stator temperature. Torque information should becapable of permitting the calculation of viscosity to the second
45、decimal place.7. Materials7.1 Reference Newtonian Calibration Oils,2Newtonian oilsof known dynamic viscosity at 100C. Table 1 shows thedynamic viscosity values of five Newtonian oils used indeveloping the information for this test method.7.2 Idling OilSee 3.2.1 for information and use.7.3 Non-Newton
46、ian Reference Oil,2essential in setting therotor/stator gap to 1106s1shear rate. The nominal level ofapparent viscosity of non-Newtonian reference oil, NNR-10used in applying this test method is given in Table 1.7.4 Polar Solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide is used todissolve any deposits on the rot
47、or/stator surfaces after extendeduse.7.5 Source of moderate pressure (1 h), make sure the motor is off and slowly(;2 min) inject 50 mL of R-2400 into the stator while turningthe rotor using the upper Siamese collet connecting the motorshaft and the drive wire slowly between the thumb andforefinger.9
48、.4 If the TBS Viscometer has been operating at 100C,proceed to Section 11 unless recalibration is desired.9.4.1 If recalibration is desired, proceed to 10.2.10. Calibration10.1 If the operating position of the rotor in the stator hasalready been established in previous work at 100C, proceed toSectio
49、n 12.10.2 If the operating position of the rotor in the stator mustbe established from a cold start for operation at 100C, followthe manufacturers instructions to find the rubbing contactTABLE 1 Reference Oil Viscosities at 100.0CReference Oil Characteristic Nominal ViscositiesAmPas at 1106s1R-2200 Newtonian ;3R-2300 Newtonian ;5R-2350 Newtonian ;7R-2400 Newtonian ;10R-2450 Newtonian ;12NNR-10BNon-Newtonian ;10AContact supplier for certified value of Reference Oil.BSpecial reference oil clos
