1、Designation: D6616 07 (Reapproved 2012)D6616 17Standard Test Method forMeasuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered BearingSimulator Viscometer at 100C100 C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the v
3、iscosity of engine oils at 100C100 C and 1106s1 using theTapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2NOTE 1This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150C.150 C.1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test
4、method range from approximately 5 to 12 mPas 5 mPas (cP) to12 mPas (cP) at 100C100 C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing theprecision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPas 1 mPas (cP) to above 25 mPas25
5、 mPas (cP), depending on the model of TBS.1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1106s1 for this test method has a viscosity ofapproximately 10 mPas 10 mPas at 100C.100 C.1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing
6、 the viscometric informationfor this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPas) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP),
7、 whichis shown in parentheses.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatorylimitatio
8、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D4683 Test Method for MeasuringViscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and HighTemperature byTaperedBearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 CD4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Temperature and High Shear Rate by Ta
9、pered-Plug Viscometer2.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:4,5CEC L-36-90 The Measurement of Lubricant Dynamic Viscosity under Conditions of High Shear2.3 Energy Institute Standard:6,5IP370 Test Method for the Measurement of Lubricant Dynamic Viscosity Under Conditions of High Shear Using
10、 the RavenfieldViscometer1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2017. Published November 2012February
11、2017. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20072012as D6616D6616 07 (2012).07. DOI: 10.1520/D6616-07R12.10.1520/D6616-17.2 Available from Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. This viscometer and associated equipment as listed in the research report was used
12、 to developthe precision statement. To date, no other equipment has demonstrated, through ASTM International interlaboratory testing, the ability to meet the precision of this test. Thisis not an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website
13、, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from Coordinating European Council (CEC), Services provided by Kellen Europe,Avenue Jules Bordet 142 -
14、 1140, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cectests.org.5 This test equipment is identical to that described in CEC L-36-90 (under the jurisdiction of the CEC Engine Lubricants Technical Committee) and IP 370 references CECL-36-90.6 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR, U.
15、K., http:/www.energyinst.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends
16、 that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
17、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 density, nmass per unit volume. In the SI, the unit of density is the kilogram per cubic metre. For practical use, thesubmultiple, gram per cubic centimetre, is more convenient. The density in gram per cubic centimetre
18、 is equal to 1/1000 the densityin kg/m3.3.1.2 Newtonian oil or fluid, nan oil or fluid that at a given temperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shearstresses.3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, nan oil or fluid that exhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or
19、shear rate.3.1.4 shear rate, nthe velocity gradient in fluid flow. The SI unit for shear rate is s1.3.1.5 shear stress, nthe motivating force per unit area for fluid flow. The area is the area under shear. The SI unit for shearstress is the Pa.3.1.6 viscosity, nthe ratio between the applied shear st
20、ress and the rate of shear. It is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity is thePascalsecond; often the milliPascalsecond or its equivalent the centiPoise is found more convenient.3.
21、1.6.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid at a given shear rate or shear stress determined by this testmethod.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 idling oil2, n an oxidatively stable Newtonian oil injected into the operating viscometer stator when the ins
22、trument islikely to be held for periods of time greater than 30 min 30 min and up to two weeks at 100C.100 C. Use of this oil preventsstator deposits from additives, which may decompose after longer exposure times in the operating viscometer and permitscontinuous operation of the viscometer without
23、need to shut the instrument off.3.2.2 Newtonian Reference Oil2, na specially blended Newtonian oil that has the same viscosity at 100C100 C as thenon-Newtonian reference oil of 3.2.3.3.2.3 non-Newtonian reference oil2, na specially formulated non-Newtonian oil, identified as NNR-10, having a selecte
24、dapparent viscosity at 1106s1 shear rate. The oil is used to establish an operating gap between the rotor and stator which willproduce 1106s1 shear rate when the rotor height is adjusted to give a torque output equivalent to that of the special reference oildescribed in 3.2.2.3.2.4 reciprocal torque
25、 intersection, 1/T i, nthe rotor position on the micrometer defined by the intersection of two straightlines generated by the reciprocal torque method using the Newtonian reference oil of 3.2.2 and non-Newtonian reference oil of3.2.3. Reciprocal torque versus rotor height measurements on both oils g
26、ives straight lines whose intersection, 1/Ti, establishes thedesired rotor position for operation at 1106s1 shear rate.3.2.5 reference Newtonian calibration oils2, nspecially chosen Newtonian oils used to determine the viscosity-torquerelationship of the TBS viscometer at 100C100 C from which the vi
27、scosity of an unknown oil is calculated.3.2.6 rotor height (rotor position), n the vertical position of the rotor relative to the stator and measured by the platformmicrometer.3.2.6.1 stored rotor height (rotor position), nthe rotor position with the rotor 0.50 mm 0.50 mm above the rubbing contactpo
28、sition (see 3.2.7) when the instrument is shut down.3.2.7 rubbing contact position, nthe rotor height determined when the tapered rotor is lightly brought into contact with thesimilarly tapered stator.3.2.8 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent viscosity is to be determined by this test method.4
29、. Summary of Test Method4.1 A motor drives a tapered rotor closely fitted inside a matched tapered stator. Appropriate technique establishes operation ofthe viscometer to yield 1106s1 at a temperature of 100C100 C at which point test oils are introduced into the gap between thespinning rotor and sta
30、tionary stator. The rotor exhibits a reactive torque to the viscous resistance of each test oil and the value ofthis torque response is used to determine the apparent viscosity of the test oil at 100C.100 C.5. Significance and Use5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is
31、 thought to be particularly representative of bearingconditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperatureregime.5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.D6616 1725.
32、3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 C by using different crossover calibration oils available fromthe manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures asshown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also refe
33、renced from IP 370).6. Apparatus6.1 Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometers2 (TBS)a viscometer consisting of a motor connected to a slightly tapered rotorthat fits into a matched stator. Several models of the TBS are in use. All of these are capable of analyzing test oils at 100C butearlier models are
34、 more limited in their upper viscosity range.6.2 Different models of the tapered bearing simulator (TBS) have the following upper levels of operating viscosities at 1106s1shear rate:6.2.1 Model Series 400 (similar to Fig. 1);14 mPas (cP), dual speed.6.2.2 Model Series 500 (Fig. 1); 16 );16 mPas (cP)
35、 single speed.6.2.3 Model Series 600 (Fig. 2);100 mPas (cP) (usually liquid cooled), dual speed.6.2.4 Model Series SS (SuperShear) (similar to Fig. 1);20 mPas (cP), multi-speed.6.2.5 Model Series 2100 E (Fig. 3);20 mPas (cP) (see Note 2), multi-speed.NOTE 2TBS Models 500, 600, and SS use a so-called
36、 bouncer to automate unloading and reloading the load cell just before taking a torque reading.(All automated units apply the bouncer at the appropriate point of operation as part of their program.) If a bouncer is not on the TBS model used (Model400), the effect is generated by placing the thumb on
37、 the brass weight pin and turning the turntable slightly in a clockwise direction and quickly releasingthe turntable. The bearingless Models 2100 E do not require unloading the cell since there is no turntable bearing.6.3 Automated System for Calibration, Injection, and Data Analysis ProgramsAn auto
38、mated program for the Tapered BearingSimulator, simulating the manual method has been used.6.4 ConsoleThe console shown in Fig. 4 is similar in Models 400, 500, and 600. Consoles for Series SS and 2100 E haveprovisions for changing motor speed.All consoles contain the power source for the load cell,
39、 thermoregulator circuit, stator-heatingelement, and motor. They also contain the circuitry for regulating and monitoring the temperature of the oil in the stator as wellas the amplifier and digital readout of the load cell.NOTE 3The thermoregulator circuit of the TBS viscometers has evolved as impr
40、ovements have been made in the solid-state temperature controllerand heater. To achieve the 5 min 5 min analysis time specified in this test method requires a late model solid-state controller with automatic reset coupledto a thermo-foil stator heater with small heat inertia or a fast-responding the
41、rmoregulated liquid bath.2FIG. 1 Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 500D6616 1736.5 Cooling Systems Two cooling systems are available for TBS viscometer work at 100C: forced air cooling and liquid bathcooling. The stator housing is prepared for the former but must be modified for the latter
42、according to directions from themanufacturer.6.6 Glass Syringe A 50-mL50 mL glass syringe equipped with a Luer needle lock fits the tip of the filling tube for injectionof test oil into the test cell. Smaller glass and plastic syringes can be used if any air bubble in the fill tube caused by the exc
43、hangeof syringes is first pulled up into the next syringe to be used.6.7 Filter Assembly A unit made of a filter holder2 and nominal 10-10 filter2 is interposed between the syringe and thefilling tube to remove particles capable of damaging the rotor/stator cell.6.8 Data Recording EquipmentSome form
44、 of recording the torque and temperature data produced by the tapered bearingsimulator is desired in order to (1) determine torque/temperature equilibrium and (2) determine the torque with sufficient precisionto calculate viscosity to the second decimal place. Early in the use of the TBS viscometer,
45、 a strip-chart recorder was used, lateran automated, computer-based recording system was developed with both a computer-simulated strip chart and with data digitallyrecorded.NOTE 4Although the console has a torque indicator that can be used for determining viscosity, it has been found that the small
46、 oscillatory variationof torque with time makes desirable the recording and analysis of the torque output more precise, particularly when determining torque equilibrium.6.8.1 Strip-chart Recorder:6.8.1.1 If a strip-chart recorder is used to record the torque and temperature output signals, use the m
47、anufacturers directionsfor calibrating and setting up the strip chart for recording torque/temperature data (see Note 5). The torque reading must be inmilliVolts and the temperature in C with a full-scale chart range of 2020 C to 120C.120 C.6.8.1.2 Use a chart speed of 11 cm cm/min min for recording
48、.6.8.1.3 Set and, when necessary, reset, the strip chart torque voltage to that which will permit recording the torque as much aspossible on the upper two-thirds of the chart paper for maximum sensitivity.6.8.1.4 Factor the resulting voltage values to calculate the correct values of torque.NOTE 5Alt
49、hough the digital information from the torque output meter on the viscometer console can be, and is, used for recording additional testinformation, it is desirable to use a two-pen, strip-chart recorder or its computer equivalent since this provides a continuous torque/temperature recordof torque/temperature equilibrium necessary for precision in calibration and in calculating viscosity.6.8.2 Computer Accumulation of Torque and Temperature DataComputer recording of digital dat
