1、Designation: D 6629 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forSelection of Methods for Estimating Soil Loss by Erosion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6629; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods used for estimating soillosses due to rill and interrill erosion. All known methods
3、forwater erosion with a sediment yield component are listed. Thisguide provides complete reference citations for the variousmethods currently used to estimate soil loss by rill and interrillerosion. The referenced methods contain the rationale anddetailed procedures for determining rill and interril
4、l soil loss.For each method listed, specific applicability, limitations, andlevel of complexity are briefly outlined in terms of the relativespatial scale, land use, hydrology, erosion, time scale, inputrequirements, and output.1.2 The referenced methods were developed for specificuses and may not b
5、e applicable in all cases. For example, someof the values derived by these methods estimate the amount ofsoil movement on a field without re-deposition while othersaccount for re-deposition and estimate off-field sediment yield.Most of these methods are not intended to predict sedimentyield.1.3 Metr
6、ic (SI) Units. Some of the methods in this guide arewritten in the preferred English units. A discussion of theconversion of the final answer to metric units is included inparagraph 6.2.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specif
7、iccourse of action. This guide cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable inall circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a gi
8、venprofessional service must be judged, nor should this guide beapplied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
9、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, an
10、d ContainedFluids3. Terminology3.1 While most of the terms used in this guide conform toTerminology D 653, some are unique to this guide. These termsrelate to soil erosion and are used frequently in the methodsoutlined in this guide.NOTE 1The Natural Resources Conservation Service was formerlythe So
11、il Conservation Service.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 agronomythe science of field crop production andsoil management.3.2.2 denudationthe sum of the processes that result inthe wearing away or the progressive lowering of the earthssurface by weathering, mass wasting, or transportation; also thecombined dest
12、ructive effects of such processes.3.2.3 erodibilitythe degree to which a soil is susceptibleto erode. Some soils erode more readily than others due to thesoil properties.3.2.4 erosionthe wearing away of soil and rock by weath-ering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves,wind, and
13、underground water.3.2.5 fallowallowing cropland to lie idle, either tilled oruntilled, during the whole or greater portion of the growingseason.3.2.6 fertility (soil)the quality of a soil that enables it toprovide nutrients in adequate amounts and in proper balancefor the growth of specified plants
14、when other growth factors,such as light, moisture, temperature, and the physical conditionof the soil are favorable.3.2.7 mulcha natural or artificial layer of suitable materi-als that aid in soil stabilization and soil moisture conservation,thus providing micro-climatic conditions suitable for germ
15、ina-tion and growth.3.2.8 pasturean area devoted to the production of forage,introduced or native, and harvested by grazing.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Medium forPlant Growth.Current e
16、dition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6629 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
17、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.9 rilla small, intermittent water course with steepsides, usually only a few inches deep and, therefore, no
18、obstacle to tillage operations.3.2.10 seedbedthe soil prepared by natural or artificialmeans to promote the germination of seed and the growth ofseedlings.3.2.11 soil lossfor the purpose of this guide, soil lossrefers to the movement of soil particles from their pre-erosionlocation.3.2.12 tillagethe
19、 operation of implements through the soilto prepare seedbeds and rootbeds, control weeds and brush,aerate the soil, and enhance breakdown of organic matter andminerals to release plant foods.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides guidance in selecting methods forestimating soil loss by rill and
20、interrill erosion and in predictingthe effects of various soil management practices on soil loss.5. Significance and Use5.1 A variety of methods exist for this measurement. Eachmethod has its specific applicability, limitations, and levels ofcomplexity. The users of this guide should use the descrip
21、tionsof the various methods to choose the procedure, which mostclosely meets their needs. Most of these methods are notintended to predict sediment yield (6).5.2 These methods are used to estimate the soil loss (in massof soil/unit area/unit time) from rainfall and snow melt forsite-specific factors
22、 due to rill and interrill erosion. Thesemethods can not be used to estimate soil loss from ephemeralgully or channel erosion.5.3 The estimates resulting from the methods in this guidedo not constitute a design for control of erosion. However, theoutputs of these methods may be important input into
23、such adesign.6. Procedure6.1 The following references provide detailed informationand procedures as follows:6.1.1 Agricultural Non-Points Source (AGNPS)Reference: Young, R.A., C.V. Alonso, and R.M. Summer, Modelinglinked watershed and lake processes for water quality manage-ment decisions, Journal o
24、f Environmental Quality, July/September 1990, Volume 19 (3), p. 421-427. Young, R.A., C.A. Onstad, D.D. Bosch, and W.P. Ander-son, AGNPS: a nonpoint source pollution model for evaluatingagricultural watersheds, Journal of Soil and Water Conserva-tion, May/April 1989, Volume 44(2), p. 168-173.Spatial
25、 Scale: Up to Medium WatershedsLand Use: RuralHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Modified USLETime Scale: Single-eventInput Requirements: Land Use, Soils, Topography, USLEparameters by grid cell, Storm rainfall intensity and durationOutput: Storm runoff volume and peak flow, Sediment,Nutrient and C
26、OD concentrationApplicability: May be used to evaluate sediment deliveryratios from cells. The USDA (ARS + NRCS) is working on acontinuous simulation version which should be released inDecember 1996.6.1.2 Army Sedimentation Model (ARMSED)Reference: Riggins, R.E., T.J. Ward, and W Hodge, ARMSED, arun
27、off and sediment yield model for army training landwatershed management, ADP Report N-89/12, 1989, US ArmyCorps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Labo-ratory, Champaign IL. Rice, T.L. and D.B. Simons, Sediment deposition modelfor reservoirs based on the dominant physical processes,Cana
28、dian Water Resource Journal, 1982, Volume 7 (2), p.45-62.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedsLand Use: RuralHydrology: Water Balance, Kinematic Wave RoutingErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Single-eventInput Requirements: Land use, Soils, Topography, Detach-ment coefficientsOutput: Storm ru
29、noff hydrographs and sediment graphsApplicability: Limited application, which also requires localcalibration.6.1.3 Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Re-sponse Simulation (ANSWERS)Reference: Beasley, D.B. and L.F. Huggins, Areal Nonpoint SourceWatershed Environment Response Simulation Users
30、 Manual,USEPA, Region V, Great Lakes National Program Office,DNAL TD 423.B39, 1981, 54 p. Griffin, M.L., D.B. Beasley, J.J. Fletcher, and G.R. Foster,Estimating soil loss on topographically nonuniform field andfarm units, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, July/August 1988, Volume 43 (4), p. 32
31、6-331.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: RuralHydrology: Distributed Storage ModelErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Single-eventInput Requirements: Land use, Soils, Rainfall, and Topog-raphyOutput: Storm runoff volume and peak flow, and sedimentApplicability: May be used to evalua
32、te sediment deliveryratios from cells.6.1.4 Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from AgriculturalManagement Systems (CREAMS)Reference: Knisel, W.G., G.R. Forster, and R.A. Leonard, Chemicals,Runoff, and Erosion fromAgricultural Management Systems: asystem for evaluating best management practices, Agricul
33、turalmanagement and water quality, Iowa Press, 1983, p. 178-199. Knisel, W.G. and G.R. Foster, CREAMS, Chemicals,runoff and erosion from agricultural management systems: asystem for evaluating best management practices mathematicalmodels, pollution, Economics, ethics, ecology:roots of produc-tive co
34、nservation based on material presented at the 35thD 6629 01 (2007)2annual meeting of the Soil Conservation Society of America,4-6 August 1980, Dearborn, Michigan, 1981, p. 177-194.Spatial Scale: Field ScaleLand Use: RuralHydrology: Water BalanceErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Continuous (da
35、ily time stop)Input Requirements: Land use, Soils, Rainfall, Topography,and Detailed land management practicesOutput: Daily runoff, Sediment, Nutrients and PesticidesApplicability: May be used to determine soil losses from afield site.6.1.5 Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Man-agement Sys
36、tems (GLEAMS)Reference: Reyes, M.R., R.L. Bengtson, J.L. Fouss, and C.E. Carter,Comparison of erosion predictions with GLEAMS, GLEAMS-WT, and GLEAMS-SWAT models for alluvial soils, Transcriptfor American Society for Agricultural Engineers, 1958-, May/June 1995, Volume 38 (3), p. 791-796. Reyes, M.R.
37、, R.L. Bengston, J.L. Fouss, and J.S. Rogers,GLEAMS hydrology submodel modified for shallow watertable conditions, Transcript for American Society for Agricul-tural Engineers, 1958-, November/December 1993, Volume 36(6), p. 1771-1778Spatial Scale: Field ScaleLand Use: RuralHydrology: Water BalanceEr
38、osion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Continuous (daily time stop)Input Requirements: Land use, Soils, Rainfall, Topography,and Detailed land management practicesOutput: Daily runoff, Sediment, Nutrients and PesticidesApplicability: May be used to determine soil losses from afield site.6.1.6 Hydrol
39、ogic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF)Reference: Donigian, A.S., J.C. Imhoff, and B.R. Bicknell, Predictingwater quality resulting from agricultural nonpoint sourcepollution via simulation-HSPF, Agricultural management andwater quality, Iowa Press, 1983, p. 200-249. Johanson, R.C., A new mathematica
40、l modeling systemHydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran, Transcript of theAmerican Chemical Society Symposium, Washington: 1983(225), p. 125-147.Spatial Scale: Large Watershed, River BasinsLand Use: MixedHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: ContinuousInput Requirements:
41、 Land use, Topography, Meteorologicand hydrologic data, and Land management practicesOutput: Time series of runoff, Sediment, Nutrient, andPesticidesApplicability: Limited application, which may require localcalibration.6.1.7 Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF)Reference: Haith, D.A. and E.
42、M. Laden, Screening of groundwatercontaminants by travel time distributions, Journal of Environ-mental Engineering, June 1989, Volume 115 (3), p.497-512. Haith, D.A., Generalized watershed loading functions forstream flow nutrients, water Resource Bulletin, June 1987,Volume 23 (3), p. 471-478.Spatia
43、l Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: MixedHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Modified USLETime Scale: Continuous (daily time stops)Input Requirements: Daily Meteorologic and hydrologicdata, Land use, Soil parameters, and Nutrient loadingOutput: Monthly and annual time series of runoff, sediment
44、and nutrientsApplicability: May require some local calibration for moreaccurate data.6.1.8 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)Reference: Edwards, D.R., Analyzing uncertainty in predicted eventerosion from small rangeland watersheds, Transcript of theAmerican Society of Agricultural Enginee
45、rs, July/Aug 1990,Volume 33 (4), p. 1141-1146. Johnson, C.W., N.D. Gordon, and C.L. Hanson, Rangelandsediment yields with snowmelt by the MUSLE, Paper -American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1984, (fiche no.84-2041).Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: RuralHydrology: Uses estimates o
46、f volume runoff and peak flowrateErosion: USLETime Scale: ContinuousInput Requirements: USLE parameters, Runoff and PeakdischargeOutput: Basin sediment yieldApplicability: May be used with a rainfall runoff model toobtain sediment yields.6.1.9 Soil Loss (SLOSS)Reference: Baumhardt, L., A. Trent, and
47、 J.C. Hayes, SLOSS, aninteractive model for microcomputers, Bulletin of the Missis-sippi Agricultural Forestry Experiment Station, June 1985, 12p.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: RuralHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: USLETime Scale: AnnualInput Requirements: USLE parameters, Channel
48、 parameters,GIS dataOutput: Mean annual sediment loadsApplicability: Interaction is cumbersome.6.1.10 Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins(SWRRB)Reference:D 6629 01 (2007)3 Arnold, J.G., Simulation of complex hydrologic basins,Proceedings of the 1989 Summer Computer Simulation Con-ference,
49、July 24-27 1989, Austin, Texas, p. 682-687. Arnold, J.G., P.M. Allen, and G. Bernhardt, Journal ofHydrology, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, February 1993, Vol-ume 142 (1/4), p. 47-69.Spatial Scale: Medium to Large WatershedsLand Use: MixedHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Modified USLETime Scale: Continuous (daily time stop), single-eventInput Requirements: Meteorologic, and hydrologic data,Land use, Soils, and Detailed land management practices.Output: Daily runoff, Sediment, Nutrients, and PesticidesApplicability: May be used to evaluate both
