1、Designation: D 6640 01 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forCollection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core BarrelSamplers for Environmental Investigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining soils fromcore barrel s
3、amplers for chemical and physical analysis, withan emphasis on the collection and handling procedures thatmaintain the representativeness of the chemical contaminantsof concern. Core barrel samplers are initially empty (hollow)until they are pushed into the ground to collect and retrieve acylindrica
4、l soil sample with minimal disturbance. The selectionof equipment and the sample handling procedures are depen-dent on the soil properties, the depth of sampling, and thegeneral properties of the chemical contaminants of concern,that is, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organiccompounds, an
5、d inorganic constituents. The sampling proce-dures described are designed to maintain representative con-centrations of the contaminants regardless of their physicalstate(s), that is, solid, liquid or gas.1.2 Four general types of core barrel samplers are discussedin this practice: split-barrel, rin
6、g-lined barrel, thin-walled tube,and solid-barrel samplers.1.3 This document does not cover all the core barrel devicesthat are available for the collection of soil samples.1.4 The procedures described may or may not be applicableto handling of samples for assessing certain geotechnicalproperties, f
7、or example, soil porosity.NOTE 1Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration, the siteshould be checked for underground utilities.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
8、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD
9、1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of SoilsD 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers andfor Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD 4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4687 Guid
10、e for General Planning of SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Mo
11、nitoring DevicesD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and SamplingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitori
12、ng DevicesD 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 615
13、1 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingUsed With Drill Rigs for Environmental InvestigationsD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD
14、 6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Samplings for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site Characterization1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
15、 D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6640-01.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
16、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Obtainin
17、g soil samples from the surface and subsurfacefor chemical and physical analysis often involves the advance-ment of a core barrel sampler into the ground. A core barrelsampler can be operated by hand or mechanically, and it maybe of a closed or open design (D 6282). Once the core barrelhas been fill
18、ed, the sampler is recovered from the bore hole andthe soil sample is handled appropriately for the chemicalconstituents of concern.3.2 This practice describes collection and handling proce-dures used with four types of core barrel samplers. Thestandards related to data quality objectives (D 5792),
19、equip-ment specifications (D 6232, D 6169 and D 4700), their limi-tations and advantages (D 6282), and the site-specific geologi-cal and hydrological data should be reviewed to determine thesoil coring equipment that is best suited for a specific project.4. Significance and Use4.1 Often during envir
20、onmental investigations, soils areanalyzed after being collected from the surface, the vadosezone (D 653) and sometimes from below the ground watertable to identify and quantify the presence of a chemicalcontaminant. A contaminant is a substance that is typicallyhazardous and either is not normally
21、present or that occursnaturally but is of an uncharacteristically high concentration(D 4687). A three-dimensional spatial array of samples canoften provide information as to the source and route(s) ofmigration of the contaminant. The resultant information is usedto direct remedial and corrective act
22、ions or can be used formonitoring purposes. Obtaining a soil sample with a corebarrel sampler involves driving this device into the ground andthen retrieving it for sample processing. Several methods foradvancing a core barrel are generally acceptable (e.g., D 1586,D 1587, D 3550, D 4700, D 5784, D
23、5875, D 5876, D 6151,D 6282, and D 6286). Drilling methods that use drilling fluids(liquids or air) should be avoided because they are moresusceptible to cross-contamination (See section 5.1.6).5. Equipment Selection Criteria5.1 Important criteria to consider when selecting a corebarrel sampler for
24、soil sampling are:5.1.1 The materials that come into direct contact with thesoil sample (barrel or barrel liner) should be compatible withthe chemical or physical properties of the contaminant(s) ofconcern and the chemical properties of the soil. As a generalrule samples obtained for semi-volatile o
25、rganic compoundanalysis can be obtained within a core barrel or core barrel linerthat is composed of stainless steel, steel, or brass. When onlyinorganic constituents are of concern, a plastic core barrel linerwould be more appropriate than the previously cited materials.All of these materials are s
26、uitable for volatile organic com-pounds as long as the contact time is minimized. Often all ofthe above samples (semi-volatile organic, inorganic, and vola-tile organic compounds) are obtained from a single soil core. Inthis situation, soils should be taken from the interior of the soilcore to avoid
27、 potential interferences between the contaminantsof concern and the surface of the core barrel that is in directcontact with the sample.5.1.2 The design of the core barrel sampler should allow foreasy access to the sampled substrate for all subsequent han-dling procedures.5.1.3 Core barrel size requ
28、irements depend on the type andnumber of chemical constituents of concern. For example,more soil is needed for the collection of samples intended forsemi-volatile organic compound analysis than for the analysisof volatile organic compounds or inorganic constituents orboth. Typically, a 250-mL (8-oz)
29、 bottle is filled for the analysisof semi-volatile organic compounds, a 125-mL(4-oz) bottle forinorganic constituents, and only 5-g subsamples are taken forvolatile organic compounds.5.1.4 Suitability for soil type, that is, grain size, cohesionproperties, and moisture content. For example, when sam
30、plingnon-cohesive materials or when sampling below the watertable, a core catcher (basket) should be used to limit the loss ofsample and ground water during retrieval (D 4700 andD 6282).5.1.5 The spreading of contamination between samplingdepths should be minimized. Sealed hollow-barrel samplers(6.1
31、.4) or cased bore holes and proper advancement techniquesshould be used to limit cross-contamination between samplingdepths in the vadose zone.Although a cased bore hole does notguarantee that contamination will not be spread from onesampling depth to another, it lowers the possibility andeliminates
32、 the potential for bore hole collapse and side wallslough that can compromise the integrity of the samplesremoved from uncased bore holes. When there is standingground water in the bore hole, a sealed sampler system shouldbe used.5.1.6 Other criteria that should be considered when select-ing a core
33、barrel sampler for soil sampling include samplingdepth (see Guide D 6286, for selection of drilling method), siteaccessibility, time constraints, and appropriate equipmentavailability.6. Sampling Equipment6.1 The types of core barrel samplers discussed in thispractice are the split-barrel, ring-line
34、d barrel, thin-walled tube,and solid-barrel samplers. These samplers are part of equip-ment that is either manually or mechanically powered, aredesigned to excavate a bore hole to the sampling depth, andmay remain in the bore hole during the sample collectionactivity (i.e., cased bore hole or dual-w
35、alled casing).6.1.1 Split-Barrel SamplerAs described in MethodsD 1586 and D 4700, the split-barrel sampler is composed of acore barrel cut in half along the length of the barrel, a hardenedmetal drive shoe (cutting tip) and a sample head that vents(e.g., a ball check valve) to allow air to be displa
36、ced as it isfilled (see Fig. 1). The shoe and the head thread onto oppositeends of the split barrel and hold the two halves together. Acommon barrel size is 5.08 cm (2 in.) outside diameter and3.81 cm (1.5 in.) inside diameter. The drive shoe used with thisparticular barrel size has an inside diamet
37、er of 3.49 cm (1.375in.). If fitted with a liner for encasing the sample, the insidediameter of the core barrel liner should not be less than thedrive shoe. Several other sizes of split-barrel samplers areavailable, with inside diameters ranging from 2.5 to 10 cm. Acore barrel catcher (basket) can b
38、e used with this type ofD 6640 01 (2005)2sampler to help retain non-cohesive materials. The split-barrelsampler is often used in conjunction with hollow-stemcontinuous-flight augers or an equivalent drilling or direct-pushprobe system (D 4700 and D 6282).6.1.2 Ring-Lined Barrel SamplerAs described i
39、n MethodsD 3550 and D 4700, the ring-lined barrel sampler consists ofan intact barrel or two split-barrel halves, a drive shoe, rings, awaste barrel, and a sampler head that vents (e.g., a ball checkvalve) to allow air to be displaced as it is filled (Fig. 2). Therings, which come in various lengths
40、 and are made of severaldifferent materials, should fit snugly within the barrel. Theinside diameter of the rings should not be less than that of thedrive shoe opening. The lengths of the rings will depend on thesampling plan so as to either allow quick access to a crosssection of the soil core at a
41、 depth of interest or allow theappropriate size sample to be collected (see section 8.1.2). Thewaste barrel section allows the rings to be filled with undis-turbed soil by leaving space to contain the disturbed soil thatoften is present at the bottom of a hole. A core catcher (basket)can be used wit
42、h this type of sampler to help retain non-cohesive materials. This sampler is often used in conjunctionwith hollow-stem continuous flight augers, or an equivalentdrilling or direct-push probe system (D 4700 and D 6282).6.1.3 Thin-Walled Tube SamplerAs described in MethodsD 1587 and D 4700, the thin-
43、walled tube sampler consists of acore barrel attached to a head (Fig. 3). The head connects tostandard drill rods and contains a vent (e.g., a ball check valve)to allow air to be displaced as it is filled. This samplerdescription is unique to the Shelby tube, which is availablewith outside diameters
44、 of 5.08, 7.62, and 12.70 cm (2, 3, and5 in.), and a length of approximately 0.91 m (36 in.). In allcases the drive end of the thin-walled tube sampler has aslightly smaller diameter than the inside of the tube. A corebarrel catcher (basket) cannot be used with this type ofsampler; therefore, non-co
45、hesive materials may be lost duringretrieval. These samplers are often used in conjunction withhollow-stem continuous-flight augers or an equivalent drillingor direct-push probe system (D 4700 and D 6282).6.1.4 Solid Barrel SamplerThe solid-barrel sampler issimilar in design to the thin-tube sampler
46、, with some importantexceptions; the walls are thicker and they often can beequipped with a liner(s) and a core catcher (Method D 6282,see Figs. 4 and 5). Most of the core barrel samplers in D 6282are designed to be a closed chamber until the depth of interestis reached, then either the entire sampl
47、er or an inner barrel isdriven to a greater depth, without advancing or after retractingthe drive point or piston tip. The open chamber (no drive pointor piston tip) sampler design is often used for near-surfacesampling equipment (Fig. 5).FIG. 1 Split Barrel SamplerFIG. 2 Ring-Lined Barrel SamplerD
48、6640 01 (2005)37. Pre-Sampling7.1 The pre-sampling activities are:7.1.1 Equipment that comes into direct contact with thesample should be steam cleaned, washed with a detergentsolution, and rinsed with contaminant-free water, desorbingagents, and deionized water (D 5088). The other pieces ofequipmen
49、t should be either steam-cleaned or washed with adetergent solution and rinsed with contaminant-free water.7.1.2 The cutting tip or shoe should have a sharp edge. Oncedulled, the cutting tip or shoe should be sharpened or replaced.7.1.3 A work station should be set up for capping the corebarrel sampler or when opening to remove subsamples. Thiswork station should consist of a flat clean surface and be set upin a location which provides protection from extreme weatherconditions and that is upwind of any local emission sources.7.1.4 When sampling for volatile organic compounds orw
