1、Designation: D6640 01 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forCollection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core BarrelSamplers for Environmental Investigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining soils fromcore barrel samp
3、lers for chemical and physical analysis, withan emphasis on the collection and handling procedures thatmaintain the representativeness of the chemical contaminantsof concern. Core barrel samplers are initially empty (hollow)until they are pushed into the ground to collect and retrieve acylindrical s
4、oil sample with minimal disturbance. The selectionof equipment and the sample handling procedures are depen-dent on the soil properties, the depth of sampling, and thegeneral properties of the chemical contaminants of concern,that is, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organiccompounds, and i
5、norganic constituents. The sampling proce-dures described are designed to maintain representative con-centrations of the contaminants regardless of their physicalstate(s), that is, solid, liquid or gas.1.2 Four general types of core barrel samplers are discussedin this practice: split-barrel, ring-l
6、ined barrel, thin-walled tube,and solid-barrel samplers.1.3 This document does not cover all the core barrel devicesthat are available for the collection of soil samples.1.4 The procedures described may or may not be applicableto handling of samples for assessing certain geotechnicalproperties, for
7、example, soil porosity.NOTE 1Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration, the siteshould be checked for underground utilities.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
8、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
9、D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers andfor Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Vo
10、latileOrganic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsu
11、rfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and SamplingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water
12、-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management Activ
13、itiesD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil Sampling1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Publ
14、ished June 2010. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6640-01 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D6640-01R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
15、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD6232
16、 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site Characterization3. Summary of Practice3.1 Obta
17、ining soil samples from the surface and subsurfacefor chemical and physical analysis often involves the advance-ment of a core barrel sampler into the ground. A core barrelsampler can be operated by hand or mechanically, and it maybe of a closed or open design (D6282). Once the core barrel hasbeen f
18、illed, the sampler is recovered from the bore hole and thesoil sample is handled appropriately for the chemical constitu-ents of concern.3.2 This practice describes collection and handling proce-dures used with four types of core barrel samplers. Thestandards related to data quality objectives (D579
19、2), equipmentspecifications (D6232, D6169 and D4700), their limitationsand advantages (D6282), and the site-specific geological andhydrological data should be reviewed to determine the soilcoring equipment that is best suited for a specific project.4. Significance and Use4.1 Often during environment
20、al investigations, soils areanalyzed after being collected from the surface, the vadosezone (D653) and sometimes from below the ground water tableto identify and quantify the presence of a chemical contami-nant. A contaminant is a substance that is typically hazardousand either is not normally prese
21、nt or that occurs naturally butis of an uncharacteristically high concentration (D4687). Athree-dimensional spatial array of samples can often provideinformation as to the source and route(s) of migration of thecontaminant. The resultant information is used to direct reme-dial and corrective actions
22、 or can be used for monitoringpurposes. Obtaining a soil sample with a core barrel samplerinvolves driving this device into the ground and then retrievingit for sample processing. Several methods for advancing a corebarrel are generally acceptable (e.g., D1586, D1587, D3550,D4700, D5784, D5875, D587
23、6, D6151, D6282, and D6286).Drilling methods that use drilling fluids (liquids or air) shouldbe avoided because they are more susceptible to cross-contamination (See Section 5.1.6).5. Equipment Selection Criteria5.1 Important criteria to consider when selecting a corebarrel sampler for soil sampling
24、 are:5.1.1 The materials that come into direct contact with thesoil sample (barrel or barrel liner) should be compatible withthe chemical or physical properties of the contaminant(s) ofconcern and the chemical properties of the soil. As a generalrule samples obtained for semi-volatile organic compou
25、ndanalysis can be obtained within a core barrel or core barrel linerthat is composed of stainless steel, steel, or brass. When onlyinorganic constituents are of concern, a plastic core barrel linerwould be more appropriate than the previously cited materials.All of these materials are suitable for v
26、olatile organic com-pounds as long as the contact time is minimized. Often all ofthe above samples (semi-volatile organic, inorganic, and vola-tile organic compounds) are obtained from a single soil core. Inthis situation, soils should be taken from the interior of the soilcore to avoid potential in
27、terferences between the contaminantsof concern and the surface of the core barrel that is in directcontact with the sample.5.1.2 The design of the core barrel sampler should allow foreasy access to the sampled substrate for all subsequent han-dling procedures.5.1.3 Core barrel size requirements depe
28、nd on the type andnumber of chemical constituents of concern. For example,more soil is needed for the collection of samples intended forsemi-volatile organic compound analysis than for the analysisof volatile organic compounds or inorganic constituents orboth. Typically, a 250-mL (8-oz) bottle is fi
29、lled for the analysisof semi-volatile organic compounds, a 125-mL(4-oz) bottle forinorganic constituents, and only 5-g subsamples are taken forvolatile organic compounds.5.1.4 Suitability for soil type, that is, grain size, cohesionproperties, and moisture content. For example, when samplingnon-cohe
30、sive materials or when sampling below the watertable, a core catcher (basket) should be used to limit the loss ofsample and ground water during retrieval (D4700 and D6282).5.1.5 The spreading of contamination between samplingdepths should be minimized. Sealed hollow-barrel samplers(6.1.4) or cased b
31、ore holes and proper advancement techniquesshould be used to limit cross-contamination between samplingdepths in the vadose zone.Although a cased bore hole does notguarantee that contamination will not be spread from onesampling depth to another, it lowers the possibility andeliminates the potential
32、 for bore hole collapse and side wallslough that can compromise the integrity of the samplesremoved from uncased bore holes. When there is standingground water in the bore hole, a sealed sampler system shouldbe used.5.1.6 Other criteria that should be considered when select-ing a core barrel sampler
33、 for soil sampling include samplingdepth (see Guide D6286, for selection of drilling method), siteaccessibility, time constraints, and appropriate equipmentavailability.6. Sampling Equipment6.1 The types of core barrel samplers discussed in thispractice are the split-barrel, ring-lined barrel, thin-
34、walled tube,and solid-barrel samplers. These samplers are part of equip-ment that is either manually or mechanically powered, aredesigned to excavate a bore hole to the sampling depth, andmay remain in the bore hole during the sample collectionactivity (i.e., cased bore hole or dual-walled casing).6
35、.1.1 Split-Barrel SamplerAs described in MethodsD1586 and D4700, the split-barrel sampler is composed of acore barrel cut in half along the length of the barrel, a hardenedmetal drive shoe (cutting tip) and a sample head that vents(e.g., a ball check valve) to allow air to be displaced as it isfille
36、d (see Fig. 1). The shoe and the head thread onto oppositeD6640 01 (2010)2ends of the split barrel and hold the two halves together. Acommon barrel size is 5.08 cm (2 in.) outside diameter and3.81 cm (1.5 in.) inside diameter. The drive shoe used with thisparticular barrel size has an inside diamete
37、r of 3.49 cm (1.375in.). If fitted with a liner for encasing the sample, the insidediameter of the core barrel liner should not be less than thedrive shoe. Several other sizes of split-barrel samplers areavailable, with inside diameters ranging from 2.5 to 10 cm. Acore barrel catcher (basket) can be
38、 used with this type ofsampler to help retain non-cohesive materials. The split-barrelsampler is often used in conjunction with hollow-stemcontinuous-flight augers or an equivalent drilling or direct-pushprobe system (D4700 and D6282).6.1.2 Ring-Lined Barrel SamplerAs described in MethodsD3550 and D
39、4700, the ring-lined barrel sampler consists of anintact barrel or two split-barrel halves, a drive shoe, rings, awaste barrel, and a sampler head that vents (e.g., a ball checkvalve) to allow air to be displaced as it is filled (Fig. 2). Therings, which come in various lengths and are made of sever
40、aldifferent materials, should fit snugly within the barrel. Theinside diameter of the rings should not be less than that of thedrive shoe opening. The lengths of the rings will depend on thesampling plan so as to either allow quick access to a crosssection of the soil core at a depth of interest or
41、allow theappropriate size sample to be collected (see section 8.1.2). Thewaste barrel section allows the rings to be filled with undis-turbed soil by leaving space to contain the disturbed soil thatoften is present at the bottom of a hole. A core catcher (basket)can be used with this type of sampler
42、 to help retain non-cohesive materials. This sampler is often used in conjunctionwith hollow-stem continuous flight augers, or an equivalentdrilling or direct-push probe system (D4700 and D6282).6.1.3 Thin-Walled Tube SamplerAs described in MethodsD1587 and D4700, the thin-walled tube sampler consis
43、ts of acore barrel attached to a head (Fig. 3). The head connects tostandard drill rods and contains a vent (e.g., a ball check valve)to allow air to be displaced as it is filled. This samplerdescription is unique to the Shelby tube, which is availablewith outside diameters of 5.08, 7.62, and 12.70
44、cm (2, 3, and5 in.), and a length of approximately 0.91 m (36 in.). In allcases the drive end of the thin-walled tube sampler has aslightly smaller diameter than the inside of the tube. A corebarrel catcher (basket) cannot be used with this type ofsampler; therefore, non-cohesive materials may be lo
45、st duringretrieval. These samplers are often used in conjunction withhollow-stem continuous-flight augers or an equivalent drillingor direct-push probe system (D4700 and D6282).6.1.4 Solid Barrel SamplerThe solid-barrel sampler issimilar in design to the thin-tube sampler, with some importantexcepti
46、ons; the walls are thicker and they often can beFIG. 1 Split Barrel SamplerFIG. 2 Ring-Lined Barrel SamplerD6640 01 (2010)3equipped with a liner(s) and a core catcher (Method D6282, seeFigs. 4 and 5). Most of the core barrel samplers in D6282 aredesigned to be a closed chamber until the depth of int
47、erest isreached, then either the entire sampler or an inner barrel isdriven to a greater depth, without advancing or after retractingthe drive point or piston tip. The open chamber (no drive pointor piston tip) sampler design is often used for near-surfacesampling equipment (Fig. 5).7. Pre-Sampling7
48、.1 The pre-sampling activities are:7.1.1 Equipment that comes into direct contact with thesample should be steam cleaned, washed with a detergentsolution, and rinsed with contaminant-free water, desorbingagents, and deionized water (D5088). The other pieces ofequipment should be either steam-cleaned
49、 or washed with adetergent solution and rinsed with contaminant-free water.7.1.2 The cutting tip or shoe should have a sharp edge. Oncedulled, the cutting tip or shoe should be sharpened or replaced.7.1.3 A work station should be set up for capping the corebarrel sampler or when opening to remove subsamples. Thiswork station should consist of a flat clean surface and be set upin a location which provides protection from extreme weatherconditions and that is upwind of any local emission sources.7.1.4 When sampling for volatile organic compounds orwhen subsampling on-site for con
