1、Designation: D6653/D6653M 01 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Test Methods forDetermining the Effects of High Altitude on PackagingSystems by Vacuum Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6653/D6653M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was corrected editorially in March 2011.1. Scope1.1 These test
3、 methods determine the effects of pressuredifferential when packaged products are transported via certainmodes of transport, such as feeder aircraft or ground over highmountain passes. The results of these tests are intended to beused for qualitative purposes.1.2 The values stated in either SI units
4、 or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not
5、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
6、2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3078 Test Method for Determination of Leaks in FlexiblePackaging by Bubble EmissionD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for
7、TestingD4991 Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty RigidContainers by Vacuum MethodD5094 Test Methods for Gross Leakage of Liquids fromContainers with Threaded or Lug-Style ClosuresE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a
8、 Lot or Process2.2 Other:Altitude-pressure tables based on the United States Stan-dard Atmospheres33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms and definitions used in these testmethods may be found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definition of Term:3.2.1 feeder aircraft, nsmall, potentially nonpressurizedaircraft us
9、ed to transport express air packages to remote areas.4. Significance and Use4.1 Packaged products transported via the feeder aircraftnetwork are liable to experience altitudes as high as 5 791 m19 000 ft.4When exposed to these high altitude conditions,products or packaging systems, or a combination
10、thereof, maybe affected negatively by the resultant pressure differential.4.2 These test methods are suitable for evaluating the effectof high altitude on packaging systems.4.3 These test methods are suitable for package or product,or both, development and engineering.4.4 Other test methods, such as
11、 Test Methods D3078,D4991 and D5094, test for leakage of packaging systems byvacuum method and are applicable for testing the effects ofhigh altitude.5. Apparatus5.1 Vacuum ChamberAny suitable chamber capable ofwithstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure differen-tial fitted with a flat-vacuu
12、m-tight cover or equivalent chamberproviding the same functional capabilities, such as an altitudechamber.5.2 Vacuum Gage, Inlet Tube from a Source of Vacuum andOutlet Tube to the Atmosphere, shall be sealed to the chamber.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackag
13、ing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6653 01 (Reap-proved 2006). DOI:
14、 10.1520/D6653_D6653M-01R10E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from http:/naca.lar
15、c.nasa.gov/reports/1936/naca-report-538/.4Based on field testing analysis; Available from ASTM headquarters. RequestRR:D10-1013 onAltitude and TemperatureStudy of the FeederAircraft Network.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
16、ates.The inlet and outlet tubes shall be equipped with hand operatedvalves. The vacuum gauge shall be laboratory quality with afull-scale range of 0 to 100 kPa 0 to 30 in. Hg with minimumgraduation no greater than 2 kPa 1 in. Hg and accuracy towithin 2 %.5.3 The Chamber, shall be large enough to con
17、tain the testspecimen, as well as allow for the expansion of the product orpackage, or both.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance (see Practice E122).6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least th
18、reerepresentative specimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimen7.1 Atest specimen shall consist of an assembled packagingsystem, representative of a production run package, or compo-nents of an assembled packaging system, to include primaryand/or secondary packaging.8. Cond
19、itioning8.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned to 5.6 6 2C 42 63.6F for a minimum of 24 h prior to testing.8.2 Test specimens shall be tested in and at conditions of 5.66 2C 42 6 3.6F.48.3 If conditioning prior to testing or during test is notpossible, then it recommended to condition test specimen
20、 to astandard conditioning atmosphere of 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6Ffor a minimum of 24 h prior to testing (see Practice D4332)8.4 Conditioning specifications may be modified based onknowledge of shipping environment, product value, desireddamage level acceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1for guid
21、ance).9. Procedure9.1 Place the test specimen in the vacuum chamber. Closethe chamber inlet valve, open the outlet valve and turn thevacuum source on so that the gauge rises at an approximate rateof 305 m 1 000 ft 30-60 s until the appropriate pressure isachieved.9.1.1 Attain a pressure equivalent t
22、o 4 877 m 16 000 ft 65 % for test specimens tested at condition specifications.49.1.2 Attain a pressure equivalent to 4 267 m 14 000 ft 65 % if testing the test specimens at the condition specificationsis not possible (see 8.1, 8.3 and Table X1.1).9.1.3 The vacuum pressure may be modified based onkn
23、owledge of shipping environment, product value, desireddamage level acceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1and Table X2.1 for guidance).9.2 Maintain the vacuum for 60 min. The test duration maybe modified based on knowledge of shipping environment,product value, desired damage level acceptan
24、ces, or othercriteria (see Appendix X1 and Table X2.1 for guidance).9.3 Partially open the chamber inlet valve and release thevacuum at a rate of approximately 305 m 1 000 ft per 30-60s.9.4 Open the chambers cover and remove the test specimenand examine for any damage or deformation.59.5 Record the
25、results of examination.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 If a distribution packaging system was tested and theclosure, shipping container, internal packaging and product areintact and free of damage, then the packaging system should bereassembled for testing in accordance with an industry ac-cepted
26、packaged-product performance test, such as PracticeD4169. This will help determine if the pressure differential hadan affect on the performance of the packaging system. It isrecommended to test a new test specimen with the samepackaged-product performance test without the altitude condi-tioning for
27、comparative purposes.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following information:11.1.1 A statement that the test was conducted in compli-ance with these test methods or a description of the deviationsfrom these test methods.11.1.2 Identification of the specimen and the specific mate-rial(s) t
28、ested with any pertinent material specifications.11.1.3 Description of the product, internal packaging, ship-ping container and closure system, where applicable.11.1.4 Identification of any change to the product, internalpackaging, shipping container and closure system.11.1.5 The temperature conditi
29、oning prior to testing.11.1.6 The vacuum, temperature and duration of the testingand temperature compensation factor used, if any.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof these test methods since the results merely state whetherthere is conformance to the
30、criteria for success specified inthese procedures.13. Keywords13.1 air shipment; feeder aircraft; high altitude; packaging;vacuum testing5Damage may be in the form of package failure, closure failure, material failure,product failure, or combination thereof.D6653/D6653M 01 (2010)12APPENDIXES(Nonmand
31、atory Information)X1. Altitude, Temperature and Duration Field Data4X1.1 Cargo air jets typically are pressurized to approxi-mately 2 438 m 8 000 ft. Temperature is maintained toapproximately 20 to 23C 68 to 74F.X1.2 Packages transported on ground may experiencealtitudes as high as 3 658 m 12 000 ft
32、 when shipped overcertain mountain passes, especially in Colorado. Temperatureextremes range from -15 to 30C 5 to 86F with averagemean temperatures of approximately -4 to 18C 25 to 64F.X1.3 Nonpressurized feeder aircraft typically fly at ap-proximately 3 962 m to 4 877 m 13 000 to 16 000 ft. Thehigh
33、est recorded altitude in a nonpressurized feeder aircraftwas 6 017 m 19 740 ft. Temperature recordings ranged fromapproximately -4 to 24C 25 to 75F.X2. Temperature and Pressure CorrelationX2.1 Both temperature and altitude affect pressure. TableX2.1 illustrates the effect of temperature and altitude
34、 onpressure.TABLE X1.1 Pressure Conversion TableAAltitude,mAltitude,ftTorr,mm Hg in. Hg kPa psi0 0 760.0 29.92 101.3 14.70305 1 000 732.9 28.85 97.7 14.0181 524 5 000 632.3 24.89 84.3 12.232 438 8 000 564.85 22.24 75.3 10.923 048 10 000 522.84 20.58 69.7 10.113 658 12 000 483.83 19.05 64.5 9.354 267
35、 14 000 446.33 17.57 59.5 8.634 877 16 000 411.82 16.21 54.9 7.975 486 18 000 379.57 14.94 50.6 7.346 096 20 000 349.56 13.76 46.6 6.767 925 26 000 270.05 10.63 36.0 5.229 144 30 000 225.6 8.88 30.1 4.3612 192 40 000 140.7 5.54 18.8 2.7215 240 50 000 87.3 3.44 11.6 1.69AkPa 4 0.1 = millibars.NoteIf
36、using a vacuum kPa gage, you must subtract the desired kPa from101.3 to achieve the vacuum kPa. For example, 101.3 97.7 = 3.6 vacuum kPa,equating into 305 m.D6653/D6653M 01 (2010)13ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
37、mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commit
38、tee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a mee
39、ting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
40、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).
41、 Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE X2.1 Temperature and Pressure CorrelationPressure (kPa)Altitude, (m) Atmos-pheric Data30F40F50F60F70F80F90F0 101.3 95.6 97.6 99.5 101.5 103.4 105.4 107.4305 97.7 92.9 94.8 96.7 98.6
42、 100.5 102.4 104.31 524 84.3 82.4 84.1 85.8 87.5 89.1 90.8 92.52 438 75.3 75.2 76.8 78.3 79.8 81.4 82.9 84.43 048 69.7 70.7 72.1 73.5 75.0 76.4 77.9 79.33 658 64.5 66.4 67.7 69.1 70.4 71.8 73.1 74.54 267 59.5 62.2 63.4 64.7 66.0 67.2 68.5 69.84 877 54.9 58.2 59.4 60.6 61.8 63.0 64.2 65.45 486 50.6 54.5 55.6 56.7 57.8 59.0 60.1 61.26 096 46.6 51.0 52.0 53.1 54.1 55.2 56.2 57.37 925 36.0 41.4 42.2 43.1 43.9 44.8 45.6 46.49 144 30.1 35.8 36.5 37.2 38.0 38.7 39.4 40.212 192 18.8 23.6 24.1 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.0 26.515 240 11.7 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4D6653/D6653M 01 (2010)14
