1、Designation: D 6681 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-CylinderDiesel EngineCaterpillar 1P Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory without outside assi
3、stance can use the test method described inthis standard. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides calibration oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives results s
4、tatistically similar to those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S.Army has such a requirementin some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly,
5、 this test method is written for those laboratoriesthat use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services should ignore thoseportions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information Letters issued periodically by the TMCmay modify this method.3In addition, the TMC may is
6、sue supplementary memoranda related to thetest method.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers and is required to evaluate theperformance of engine oils intended to satisfy certainAmericanPetroleum Institute (API) C service categories (included inSpecification D 4485). It is performed in a laboratory usi
7、ng astandardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine.4Pistonand ring groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumptionis measured. The piston, the rings, and the liner are alsoexamined for distress and the rings for mobility.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No
8、 other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
9、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use. Being an enginetest method, this standard does have definite hazards thatrequire safe practices (see Appendix X2 on Safety).1.4 The following is the Table of Contents:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and
10、Use 5Apparatus and Installation 6Intake Air System 6.2.1Exhaust System 6.2.2Fuel System 6.2.3Oil Consumption System 6.2.4Engine Oil System 6.2.5Oil Heating System 6.2.5.1Oil Sample Valve 6.2.5.2Engine Coolant System 6.2.6Engine Instrumentation 6.2.7Reagents and Materials 7Oil Samples 8Preparation of
11、 Apparatus 9General Engine Assembly Practices 9.1Complete Engine Inspection 9.2Copper Components 9.3Engine Lubricant System Flush 9.4Engine Piston Cooling Jets 9.5Engine Measurements and Inspections 9.6Cylinder Head 9.7Valve Guide Bushings 9.8Fuel Injector 9.9Piston and Rings 9.10Cylinder Liner 9.11
12、Compression Ratio 9.12Engine Timing 9.13Engine Coolant System Cleaning Procedure 9.141This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.02 on Heavy Duty Engine Oils.Current edition approved Oct.
13、 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 668105.2ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA152064489.3This edition incorporates revisions contained in all information letters through07-1. Users of this test met
14、hod shall contact the ASTM Test Monitoring Center toobtain the most recent information letters.4Available from Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, P.O.Box 610, Mossville, IL 61552-0610.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
15、2959, United States.SectionCalibration and Standardization 10Test Cell Instrumentation 10.1Instrumentation Standards 10.2Coolant Flow 10.3Re-calibration Requirements 10.4Fuel Injectors 10.5Air Flow 10.6Intake Air Barrel 10.7Fuel Filter 10.8Oil Scale Flow Rates 10.9Calibration of Test Stands 10.10Ext
16、ending Test Stand Calibration Period 10.11Test Run Numbering 10.13Humidity Calibration Requirements 10.14Calibration of Piston Deposit Raters 10.15Procedure 11Engine Break-in Procedure 11.1Cool-down Procedure 11.2Warm-up Procedure 11.3Shutdowns and Lost Time 11.4Periodic Measurements 11.5Engine Cont
17、rol Systems 11.6Engine Coolant 11.6.1Engine Fuel System 11.6.2Engine Oil Temperature 11.6.3Exhaust Pressure 11.6.4Intake Air 11.6.5Post-Test Procedures 11.7Piston Ring Side Clearances 11.7.1Piston Ratings 11.7.2Referee Ratings 11.7.3Ring End Gap Increase 11.7.4Cylinder Liner Wear 11.7.5Cylinder Line
18、r Bore Polish 11.7.6Photographs 11.7.7Calculation and Interpretation of Results 12Test Validity 12.1Calculations 12.2Quality Index 12.2.1Oil Consumption 12.2.2Report 13Forms and Data Dictionary 13.1Test Validity 13.2Report Specifics 13.3Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Bias 14.1.4Keywords 15Annexe
19、sEngine and Parts Warranty Annex A1Instrument Locations, Measurements, and Calculations Annex A2Cooling System Arrangement Annex A3Intake Air Mass Flow Sensor Installation Annex A4Fuel System Design and Required Components Annex A5Oil System Annex A6Exhaust and Intake Barrel Piping Annex A7Humidity
20、Probe Installation (Location) Annex A8Return Goods Authorization (Claim Form) Annex A9Engine Assembly Information Annex A10Flushing Instructions and Apparatus Annex A11Warm-up, Cool-down and Testing Conditions Annex A12Piston and Liner Rating Modifications Annex A13Additional Report Forms Annex A14T
21、est Report Forms Annex A15AppendixesVarious Examples for Reference Purposes Appendix X1Safety Appendix X22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 97 T
22、est Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liqu
23、ids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 131
24、9 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of DistillateFuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D 2425 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in MiddleDistillates by Mass SpectrometryD 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point
25、 of Petroleum ProductsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine,
26、and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D 3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4485
27、 Specification for Performance of Engine OilsD 4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity ofTwo-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine LubricantsD 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Me
28、tals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D 5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a5For referenced ASTM stan
29、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D6681082Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled withGasoline and Operated Und
30、er Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions6D 5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)6D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils inTwo-Stroke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA DieselEngineD 6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on the
31、Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks inthe Sequence VIA Spark Ignition EngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 SAE
32、Standard:SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine ServiceClassification72.3 API Standard:API 1509 Engine Service Classification and Guide toCrankcase Oil Selection83. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 additive, na material added to another, usually in asmall amount, to impart or enhance desirable p
33、roperties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D 41753.1.2 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D 44853.1.3 blind reference oil, na reference oil, the identity ofwhich is unknown by the test facility.
34、 D 58443.1.3.1 DiscussionThis is a coded reference oil which issubmitted by a source independent from the test facility.3.1.4 blowby, nin internal combustion engine, the com-bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enterthe crankcase. D 53023.1.5 calibrate, vto determine the indicatio
35、n or output ofa measuring device with respect to that of a standard. E 3443.1.6 calibrated test stand, na test stand on which thetesting of reference material(s), conducted as specified in thestandard, provided acceptable test results. Sub. B Glossary23.1.6.1 DiscussionIn several automotive lubrican
36、t stan-dard test methods, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center providestesting guidance and determines acceptability.3.1.7 candidate oil, nan oil which is intended to have theperformance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specification. D 58443.1.7.1 Disc
37、ussionThese oils are mainly submitted fortesting as candidates to satisfy a specified performance; hencethe designation of the term.3.1.8 debris, nin internal combustion engines, solid con-taminant materials unintentionally introduced into the engineor resulting from wear. D 58623.1.9 dispersant, ni
38、n engine oil, an additive that reducesdeposits on oil-wetted engine surfaces primarily through sus-pension of particles. D 41753.1.10 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear,or both, between the moving parts within an engine; removesheat, particularly from the underside of pistons; and s
39、erves asa combustion gas sealant for the piston rings. D 58623.1.10.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation and, foaming are examples.3.1.11 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-er
40、ation, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally close to the potentialmaximums. D 44853.1.12 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, betweenthem. D 58623.1.13 lubricating oil, na liquid lubr
41、icant, usually com-prising several ingredients, including a major portion of baseoil and minor portions of various additives. Sub. B Glos-sary23.1.14 oxidation, nof engine oil, the reaction of the oilwith an electron acceptor, generally oxygen, that can producedeleterious acidic or resinous material
42、s often manifested assludge formation, varnish formation, viscosity increase, orcorrosion, or a combination thereof. Sub. B Glossary23.1.15 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D 58443.1.16 purchaser, nof an ASTM te
43、st, person or organiza-tion that pays for the conduct of an ASTM test method on aspecified product. D 62023.1.17 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D 58443.1.17.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibratetesting facilities, to compare t
44、he performance of other oils, orto evaluate other material (such as seals) that interact with oils.3.1.18 scoring, nin tribology, a severe form of wearcharacterized by the formation of extensive grooves andscratches in the direction of sliding. G403.1.19 scuff, scuffng, nin lubrication, damage cause
45、d byinstantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.20 sponsor, nof an ASTM test method, an organizationthat is responsible for ensuring supply of the apparatus used inthe test procedure portion of the test method. Sub
46、. B Glos-sary23.1.20.1 DiscussionIn some instances, such as a testmethod for chemical analysis, an ASTM working group can bethe sponsor of the test method. In other instances, a companywith a self-interest may or may not be the developer of the testprocedure used within the method, but is the sponso
47、r of the testmethod.6Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.7Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.8Available from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Wash-ington DC,
48、 20005.D66810833.1.21 used oil, nany oil that has been in a piece ofequipment (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, orturbine), whether operated or not. D 41753.1.22 varnish, nin internal combustion engines, a hard,dry, generally lustrous deposit that can be removed by solventsbut not by wi
49、ping with a cloth. D 53023.1.23 wear, nthe loss of material from, or relocation ofmaterial on, a surface. D 53023.1.23.1 DiscussionWear generally occurs between twosurfaces moving relative to each other, and is the result ofmechanical or chemical action, or by a combination of me-chanical and chemical actions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Prior to each test, the power section of the engine isdisassembled, solvent-cleaned, measured, and rebuilt in strictaccordance with the specifications. A new piston, ring assem-bly, and cylinder liner are measured and
