1、Designation: D 6700 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forUse of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for thematerial recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. Theconversion of a whole scrap
3、tire into a chipped formed for useas a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF).This recovery practice has moved from a pioneering concept inthe early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the UnitedStates with industrial and utility applications.1.2 Combustion units engineered to us
4、e solid fuels, such ascoal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S.Many of these units are now using TDF even though they werenot specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF hascombustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solidfuels. Similarities led to pragma
5、tic testing in existing combus-tion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance ofTDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventionalfuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required tomodify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodateTDF range from none to relatively
6、minor. The issues of properapplications and specifications are critical to successful utili-zation of this alternative energy resource.1.3 This practice explains TDFs use when blended andcombusted under normal operating conditions with originallyspecified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy reco
7、very isnot discussed herein since whole tire usage does not require tireprocessing to a defined fuel specification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
8、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD 2361 Test Method for Chlorine in CoalD 2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash3D 3172 Pr
9、actice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD 3173 Test Method for Moisture in theAnalysis Sample ofCoal and CokeD 3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD 3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD 3176 Practice for Ultimate Analys
10、is of Coal and CokeD 3177 Test Methods for Total Sulfur in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD 3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis Sample of Coal and CokeD 3179 Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sampleof Coal and CokeD 3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements inCom
11、bustion Residues from Coal Utilization ProcessesD 4239 Test Methods for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion MethodsD 4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray FluorescenceD 4749 Test Method for Performing the Si
12、eve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeD 5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value ofWaste MaterialsD 5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE 873 Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified Particu-late Biomass Fuels2.2 Other Standards:SW-8465050 Bomb Calorimeter Pre
13、parationSW-8469056 Ion Chromatography3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 all season radial, na highway tire designed to meetthe weather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets theRubber Manufacturers Association4definition of a mud andsnow tire.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of A
14、STM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.03 onIndustrial Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6700-01.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi
15、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) 1400 K Street,NW, Suite 9
16、00, Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 altered tire, na scrap tire which has been modifiedso that it is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, orbeing used on a vehicle.3.1.3 analys
17、is, nthe activity to determine the proximateand ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.3.1.4 bead, nthe anchoring part of the tire, which isshaped to fit the rim. The bead is constructed of high tensilesteel wires wrapped by the plies.3.1.5 bead wire, na high tensile steel wire,
18、 surrounded byrubber, which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firmcontact to the rim.3.1.6 bear claw, nthe rough-edged bead wire sticking outfrom a shredded tire.3.1.7 belt, nan assembly of rubber coated fabric or wireused to reinforce a tires tread area. In radial tires, alsoconstrains the o
19、utside diameter against inflation pressure andcentrifugal force.3.1.8 belt wire, na brass-plated high tensile steel wirecord used in the steel belts.3.1.9 bias ply tires, na tire built with two or more casingplies, which cross each other in the crown at an angle of 30 to45 to the tread centerline.3.
20、1.10 body, ntire structure not including the tread portionof the tire. (See also casing and carcass.)3.1.11 carcass, nSee casing.3.1.12 casing, nthe basic tire structure excluding thetread. (See also carcass.)3.1.13 chip size, nthe range of rubber particle sizesresulting from the processing of whole
21、 tires.3.1.14 chipped tire, na classified scrap tire particle thathas a basic geometrical shape, which generally is 2 in. (5.08cm) or smaller and has most of the bead wire removed. Alsoreferred to as a tire chip.3.1.15 chopped tire, na scrap tire that is cut into relativelylarge pieces of unspecifie
22、d dimensions.3.1.16 classifier, nequipment designed to separate over-sized tire shreds from the desired size.3.1.17 combustion, nthe chemical reaction of a materialthrough rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light.3.1.18 combustion unit, nany number of devices to pro-duce or release energ
23、y for the beneficial purpose of productionby burning a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such asindustrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers,and cement kilns.3.1.19 commercial tire, ntruck and industrial tires.3.1.20 compound, na mixture of blended chemicals tai-lored to
24、meet the needs of the specific components of the tire.3.1.21 converted tire, na scrap tire that has been pro-cessed into a usable commodity other than a tire.3.1.22 cords, nthe strands of wire or fabric that form theplies and belts in a tire.3.1.23 dewired, nthe absence of exposed wire on theperimet
25、er of the tire chips. Belt wire typically remains in thechip, but it is embedded in the chip.3.1.24 discarded tires, na worn or damaged tire that hasbeen removed from a vehicle.3.1.25 end user, nthe facility which utilizes the heatcontent or other forms of energy from the combustion of scraptires (f
26、or energy recovery). The last entity who uses the tire, inwhatever form, to make a product or provide a service witheconomic value (for other uses).3.1.26 energy recovery, na process by which all or part ofthe tire is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value.3.1.27 energy value, nthe assig
27、nment of a value to thetire-derived fuel as measured in British thermal units per poundor calories per gram.3.1.28 fabric, ntextiles cords used in tire manufacturing.3.1.29 fishhooks, nstrands of belt or bead wire exposedfrom a processed scrap tire or an individual piece of belt orbead wire. (See al
28、so bear claw).3.1.30 fluff, nthe fibrous, nonrubber, nonmetal portion ofa tire that remains after the scrap tire is processed (that is,cotton, rayon, polyester, fiberglass, or nylon).3.1.31 fuel value, nthe heat content, as measured inBritish thermal units (Btu)/lb or cal/g.3.1.32 hair, nwire protru
29、ding from the perimeter of a tirechip or shred. (See also fishhooks).3.1.33 heavy-duty tires, ntires weighing more than 40 lb(18.1 kg), used on trucks, buses, and off the road vehicles inheavy-duty applications.3.1.34 horsetail, na rough piece of shredded tire with awidth of 2 to 4 in. (5.1 to 10.2
30、cm) and a length greater than 6in. (15.2 cm).3.1.35 innerliner, nthe layer or layers of rubber laminatedto the inside of a tire and which meets the Rubber Manufac-turers Association4definition of a mud and snow tire.3.1.36 light duty tires, ntires weighing less than 40 lb(18.2 kg), used on passenger
31、 cars and light trucks.3.1.37 light truck tires, ntires with a rim diameter of 16 to19.5 in. (40.6 to 49.5 cm), manufactured specifically for lighttruck use.3.1.38 logger tires, na special tire designed for thelogging industry.3.1.39 minus, nthe sieve designating the upper limit ormaximum size shall
32、 be the sieve of the series with the largestopening upon which is cumulatively retained a total of lessthan or equal to1%ofthesample.3.1.40 mucker tire, na flotation type of tire specificallydesigned for use in soft grounds.3.1.41 natural rubber, nthe material processed from thespa (latex) of Hevaca
33、 Brasiliensis (rubber tree).3.1.42 new tire, na tire that has never been mounted on arim.3.1.43 nominal, ncommonly used to refer to the averagesize product (chip) that comprises 50 % or more of thethroughput in a scrap tire processing operation. It should benoted that any scrap tire processing opera
34、tion also wouldgenerate products (chips) above and below the “nominal”range of the machine.3.1.44 off the road tire (OTR), ntire designed primarilyfor use on unpaved roads or where no roads exist, built forruggedness and traction rather than for speed.3.1.45 passenger car tires, na tire with less th
35、an an 18 in.(45.7 cm) rim diameter for use on cars only.D 6700 01 (2006)23.1.46 pneumatic tires, na tire that depends on the com-pressed air it holds to carry the load. It differs from a solid tirein which the tire itself carriers the load.3.1.47 processed tire, na scrap tire that has been altered,c
36、onverted, or size reduced.3.1.48 passenger tire equivalent (PTE), na measurementof mixed passenger and truck tires, where five passenger tiresare equal to one truck tire.3.1.49 radial tire, na tire constructed so that the ply cordsextend from bead to bead at a 90 angle to the centerline of theroad.3
37、.1.50 rim, nthe metal support for the tire and tubeassembly on the wheel.3.1.51 rip-shear shredders, na tire shredder designed toreduce a scrap tire to pieces. The size and shape of the rubberparticle is dependent on the processing action of the shredder(that is, by cutting blades, rotary shear, or
38、rip shear).3.1.52 rough shred, na piece of a shredded tire that islarger than 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 2 in (5.1 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm), butsmaller than 30 in. (76.2 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 4 in. (10.2cm).3.1.53 rubber, nan elastomer, generally implying naturalrubber, but used loosely to mean any elastomer
39、, vulcanized andunvulcanized. By definition, rubber is a material that is capableof recovering from large deformations quickly and forcibly andcan be, or already is, modified to a state in which it isessentially insoluable in a boiling solvent.3.1.54 scrap tire processing, nany method of size reduc-
40、ing whole scrap tires to facilitate recycling, energy recovery ordisposal.3.1.55 screen, nan apparatus for separating sizes of gran-ules.3.1.56 secondary material, nfragments or finished prod-ucts or leftovers from a manufacturing process which convertsa primary material into a commodity of economic
41、 value.3.1.57 sectioned tire, na tire that has been cut into at leasttwo parts.3.1.58 shred sizing, ngenerally refers to the process ofparticles passing through a rated screen opening rather thanthose which are retained on the screen. Examples include:3.1.58.1 1 by 1 in. (2.5 by 2.5 cm), na sized re
42、duced scraptire, with all dimensions 1 in. (2.5 cm) maximum.3.1.58.2 2 by 2 in. (5.1 by 5.1 cm), na size reduced scraptire, with all dimensions 2 in. (5.1 cm) maximum.3.1.58.3 X in. minus, nsized reduced scrap tires, themaximum size of any piece has a dimension no larger than Xplus 1 in. (X plus 2.5
43、 cm), but 95 % of which is less than X in.(2.54 X cm) in any dimension (that is, 1 in. (2.5 cm) minus; 2in. (5.1 cm) minus; 3 in. (7.6 cm) minus, and so forth).3.1.59 shredded rubber, npieces of scrap tires resultingfrom mechanical processing.3.1.60 shredded tire, na size reduced scrap tire. Theredu
44、ction in size was accomplished by a mechanical processingdevice, commonly referred to as a shredder.3.1.61 shredder, na machine used to reduce whole tires topieces.3.1.62 sidewall, nthe side of a tire between the treadshoulder and the rim bead.3.1.63 single pass shred, na shredded tire that has been
45、processed by one pass through a shear type shredder and theresulting pieces have not been classified by size.3.1.64 specifications, nwritten requirement for processes,materials or equipment.3.1.65 squirrel foot, nexposed, rough pieces of belt orbead wire. (See also fishhooks).3.1.66 steel belt, nrub
46、ber coated steel cords that rundiagonally under the tread of steel radial tires and extend acrossthe tire approximately the width of the tread. The stiffness ofthe belts provides good handling, tread wear and penetrationresistance.3.1.67 supplemental fuel, na combustible material thatdisplaces a por
47、tion of traditional fuel source. It refers to theproduct being used in conjunction with another conventionalfuel but typically not as a sole fuel supply.3.1.68 TDF, nSee tire-derived fuel.3.1.69 tire, na continuous solid or pneumatic rubbercovering encircling the wheel of a vehicle.3.1.70 tire chip,
48、 nSee chipped tire.3.1.71 tire-derived fuel, nthe end product of a process thatconverts whole scrap tires into a specific chipped form. Thisspecified product then would be capable of being used as fuel.3.1.72 tire shreds, nSee shredded tire.3.1.73 tread, nthat portion of the tire which contacts ther
49、oad.3.1.74 tread rubber, ncompounded, natural, or syntheticrubber, which is placed on a buffed casing and vulcanized to itto provide a new wearing surface.3.1.75 trommel, na mechanical device that sorts size-reduced scrap tires.3.1.76 truck tire, ntires with a rim diameter of 20 in. (50.8cm) or larger.3.1.77 used tire, na tire removed from a vehicles rim,which cannot be described legally as new, but which isstructurally intact and has a tread depth greater than the legallimit. This tire can be remoun
