1、Designation: D6700 01 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forUse of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for thematerial recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. Theconversion of a whole scrap tir
3、e into a chipped formed for useas a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF).This recovery practice has moved from a pioneering concept inthe early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the UnitedStates with industrial and utility applications.1.2 Combustion units engineered to use s
4、olid fuels, such ascoal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S.Many of these units are now using TDF even though they werenot specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF hascombustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solidfuels. Similarities led to pragmatic
5、 testing in existing combus-tion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance ofTDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventionalfuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required tomodify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodateTDF range from none to relatively min
6、or. The issues of properapplications and specifications are critical to successful utili-zation of this alternative energy resource.1.3 This practice explains TDFs use when blended andcombusted under normal operating conditions with originallyspecified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recover
7、y isnot discussed herein since whole tire usage does not require tireprocessing to a defined fuel specification.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand a
8、re not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
9、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal (Withdrawn 2008)3D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash(Withdrawn 2001)3D3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3173 Test M
10、ethod for Moisture in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3177 Test Methods for Total Sulfur in t
11、he Analysis Sampleof Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2012)3D3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)3D3179 Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke (Withdrawn 2008)3D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements inCombustion R
12、esidues from Coal Utilization ProcessesD4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustionD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray FluorescenceD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal a
13、nd Designating Coal SizeD5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value ofWaste MaterialsD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE873 Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified ParticulateBiomass Fuels2.2 Other Standards:SW-8465050 Bomb Calorimeter PreparationSW-8469056 Ion Chr
14、omatography1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published February 2013. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition appro
15、ved in 2006 as D6700-01 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D6700-01R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The
16、last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 all season radial, na highway tire designed to meetthe weather conditio
17、ns in all seasons of the year, that meets theRubber Manufacturers Association4definition of a mud andsnow tire.3.1.2 altered tire, na scrap tire which has been modifiedso that it is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, orbeing used on a vehicle.3.1.3 analysis, nthe activity to determin
18、e the proximateand ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.3.1.4 bead, nthe anchoring part of the tire, which isshaped to fit the rim. The bead is constructed of high tensilesteel wires wrapped by the plies.3.1.5 bead wire, na high tensile steel wire, surrounded byrubber, which f
19、orms the bead of a tire that provides a firmcontact to the rim.3.1.6 bear claw, nthe rough-edged bead wire sticking outfrom a shredded tire.3.1.7 belt, nan assembly of rubber coated fabric or wireused to reinforce a tires tread area. In radial tires, alsoconstrains the outside diameter against infla
20、tion pressure andcentrifugal force.3.1.8 belt wire, na brass-plated high tensile steel wire cordused in the steel belts.3.1.9 bias ply tires, na tire built with two or more casingplies, which cross each other in the crown at an angle of 30 to45 to the tread centerline.3.1.10 body, ntire structure no
21、t including the tread portionof the tire. (See also casing and carcass.)3.1.11 carcass, nSee casing.3.1.12 casing, nthe basic tire structure excluding thetread. (See also carcass.)3.1.13 chip size, nthe range of rubber particle sizesresulting from the processing of whole tires.3.1.14 chipped tire, n
22、a classified scrap tire particle thathas a basic geometrical shape, which generally is 2 in. (5.08cm) or smaller and has most of the bead wire removed. Alsoreferred to as a tire chip.3.1.15 chopped tire, na scrap tire that is cut into relativelylarge pieces of unspecified dimensions.3.1.16 classifie
23、r, nequipment designed to separate over-sized tire shreds from the desired size.3.1.17 combustion, nthe chemical reaction of a materialthrough rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light.3.1.18 combustion unit, nany number of devices to pro-duce or release energy for the beneficial purpose
24、of productionby burning a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such asindustrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers,and cement kilns.3.1.19 commercial tire, ntruck and industrial tires.3.1.20 compound, na mixture of blended chemicals tai-lored to meet the needs of the specifi
25、c components of the tire.3.1.21 converted tire, na scrap tire that has been processedinto a usable commodity other than a tire.3.1.22 cords, nthe strands of wire or fabric that form theplies and belts in a tire.3.1.23 dewired, nthe absence of exposed wire on theperimeter of the tire chips. Belt wire
26、 typically remains in thechip, but it is embedded in the chip.3.1.24 discarded tires, na worn or damaged tire that hasbeen removed from a vehicle.3.1.25 end user, nthe facility which utilizes the heatcontent or other forms of energy from the combustion of scraptires (for energy recovery). The last e
27、ntity who uses the tire, inwhatever form, to make a product or provide a service witheconomic value (for other uses).3.1.26 energy recovery, na process by which all or part ofthe tire is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value.3.1.27 energy value, nthe assignment of a value to thetire-der
28、ived fuel as measured in British thermal units per poundor calories per gram.3.1.28 fabric, ntextiles cords used in tire manufacturing.3.1.29 fishhooks, nstrands of belt or bead wire exposedfrom a processed scrap tire or an individual piece of belt orbead wire. (See also bear claw).3.1.30 fluff, nth
29、e fibrous, nonrubber, nonmetal portion of atire that remains after the scrap tire is processed (that is, cotton,rayon, polyester, fiberglass, or nylon).3.1.31 fuel value, nthe heat content, as measured inBritish thermal units (Btu)/lb or cal/g.3.1.32 hair, nwire protruding from the perimeter of a ti
30、rechip or shred. (See also fishhooks ).3.1.33 heavy-duty tires, ntires weighing more than 40 lb(18.1 kg), used on trucks, buses, and off the road vehicles inheavy-duty applications.3.1.34 horsetail, na rough piece of shredded tire with awidth of 2 to 4 in. (5.1 to 10.2 cm) and a length greater than
31、6in. (15.2 cm).3.1.35 innerliner, nthe layer or layers of rubber laminatedto the inside of a tire and which meets the Rubber Manufac-turers Association4definition of a mud and snow tire.3.1.36 light duty tires, ntires weighing less than 40 lb(18.2 kg), used on passenger cars and light trucks.3.1.37
32、light truck tires, ntires with a rim diameter of 16 to19.5 in. (40.6 to 49.5 cm), manufactured specifically for lighttruck use.3.1.38 logger tires, na special tire designed for the log-ging industry.3.1.39 minus, nthe sieve designating the upper limit ormaximum size shall be the sieve of the series
33、with the largestopening upon which is cumulatively retained a total of lessthan or equal to1%ofthesample.4Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA), 1400 K St., NW,Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005, http:/www.rma.org.D6700 01 (2013)23.1.40 mucker tire, na flotation type of tire specificall
34、ydesigned for use in soft grounds.3.1.41 natural rubber, nthe material processed from thespa (latex) of Hevaca Brasiliensis (rubber tree).3.1.42 new tire, na tire that has never been mounted on arim.3.1.43 nominal, ncommonly used to refer to the averagesize product (chip) that comprises 50 % or more
35、 of thethroughput in a scrap tire processing operation. It should benoted that any scrap tire processing operation also wouldgenerate products (chips) above and below the “nominal”range of the machine.3.1.44 off the road tire (OTR), ntire designed primarily foruse on unpaved roads or where no roads
36、exist, built forruggedness and traction rather than for speed.3.1.45 passenger car tires, na tire with less than an 18 in.(45.7 cm) rim diameter for use on cars only.3.1.46 pneumatic tires, na tire that depends on the com-pressed air it holds to carry the load. It differs from a solid tirein which t
37、he tire itself carriers the load.3.1.47 processed tire, na scrap tire that has been altered,converted, or size reduced.3.1.48 passenger tire equivalent (PTE), na measurementof mixed passenger and truck tires, where five passenger tiresare equal to one truck tire.3.1.49 radial tire, na tire construct
38、ed so that the ply cordsextend from bead to bead at a 90 angle to the centerline of theroad.3.1.50 rim, nthe metal support for the tire and tubeassembly on the wheel.3.1.51 rip-shear shredders, na tire shredder designed toreduce a scrap tire to pieces. The size and shape of the rubberparticle is dep
39、endent on the processing action of the shredder(that is, by cutting blades, rotary shear, or rip shear).3.1.52 rough shred, na piece of a shredded tire that islarger than 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 2 in (5.1 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm), butsmaller than 30 in. (76.2 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 4 in. (10.2cm).3.1.53 ru
40、bber, nan elastomer, generally implying naturalrubber, but used loosely to mean any elastomer, vulcanized andunvulcanized. By definition, rubber is a material that is capableof recovering from large deformations quickly and forcibly andcan be, or already is, modified to a state in which it isessenti
41、ally insoluable in a boiling solvent.3.1.54 scrap tire processing, nany method of size reduc-ing whole scrap tires to facilitate recycling, energy recovery ordisposal.3.1.55 screen, nan apparatus for separating sizes of gran-ules.3.1.56 secondary material, nfragments or finished prod-ucts or leftove
42、rs from a manufacturing process which convertsa primary material into a commodity of economic value.3.1.57 sectioned tire, na tire that has been cut into at leasttwo parts.3.1.58 shred sizing, ngenerally refers to the process ofparticles passing through a rated screen opening rather thanthose which
43、are retained on the screen. Examples include:3.1.58.1 1 by 1 in. (2.5 by 2.5 cm), na sized reduced scraptire, with all dimensions 1 in. (2.5 cm) maximum.3.1.58.2 2 by 2 in. (5.1 by 5.1 cm), na size reduced scraptire, with all dimensions 2 in. (5.1 cm) maximum.3.1.58.3 X in. minus, nsized reduced scr
44、ap tires, themaximum size of any piece has a dimension no larger than Xplus 1 in. (X plus 2.5 cm), but 95 % of which is less than X in.(2.54 X cm) in any dimension (that is, 1 in. (2.5 cm) minus; 2in. (5.1 cm) minus; 3 in. (7.6 cm) minus, and so forth).3.1.59 shredded rubber, npieces of scrap tires
45、resultingfrom mechanical processing.3.1.60 shredded tire, na size reduced scrap tire. Thereduction in size was accomplished by a mechanical processingdevice, commonly referred to as a shredder.3.1.61 shredder, na machine used to reduce whole tires topieces.3.1.62 sidewall, nthe side of a tire betwee
46、n the treadshoulder and the rim bead.3.1.63 single pass shred, na shredded tire that has beenprocessed by one pass through a shear type shredder and theresulting pieces have not been classified by size.3.1.64 specifications, nwritten requirement for processes,materials or equipment.3.1.65 squirrel f
47、oot, nexposed, rough pieces of belt orbead wire. (See also fishhooks).3.1.66 steel belt, nrubber coated steel cords that rundiagonally under the tread of steel radial tires and extend acrossthe tire approximately the width of the tread. The stiffness ofthe belts provides good handling, tread wear an
48、d penetrationresistance.3.1.67 supplemental fuel, na combustible material thatdisplaces a portion of traditional fuel source. It refers to theproduct being used in conjunction with another conventionalfuel but typically not as a sole fuel supply.3.1.68 TDF, nSee tire-derived fuel.3.1.69 tire, na con
49、tinuous solid or pneumatic rubbercovering encircling the wheel of a vehicle.3.1.70 tire chip, nSee chipped tire.3.1.71 tire-derived fuel, nthe end product of a process thatconverts whole scrap tires into a specific chipped form. Thisspecified product then would be capable of being used as fuel.3.1.72 tire shreds, nSee shredded tire.3.1.73 tread, nthat portion of the tire which contacts theroad.3.1.74 tread rubber, ncompounded, natural, or syntheticrubber, which is placed on a buffed casing and vulcaniz
