1、Designation: D6710 02 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forEvaluation of Hydrocarbon-Based Quench Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits,for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-based quench oil
3、s for quality and aging.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
4、r to its use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of PetroleumProductsD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBi
5、tuminous Materials by DistillationD189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Pe-troleum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbo
6、n Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleu
7、m Products by Hydrometer MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D6200 Test Method for Determination of Cooling Charac-teristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysi
8、sD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 9950 Industrial Quenching OilsDetermination ofCooling CharacteristicsNickel-Alloy Probe TestMethod, 1995-95-013. Terminology3.1 Definitio
9、ns of Terms Specific to This Standard:Quench Processing3.1.1 austenitization, nheating a steel containing less thanthe eutectoid concentration of carbon (about 0.8 mass %) to atemperature just above the eutectoid temperature to decomposethe pearlite microstructure to produce a face-centered cubic(fc
10、c) austenite-ferrite mixture.3.1.2 dragout, nsolution carried out of a bath on the metalbeing quenched and associated handling equipment.3.1.3 martempering, ncooling steel from the austenitiza-tion temperature to a temperature just above the start ofmertensite transformation (Ms) for a time sufficie
11、nt for thetemperature to equalize between the surface and the center ofthe steel, at which point the steel is removed from the quenchbath and air cooled as shown in Fig. 1. (1)43.1.4 protective atmosphere, nany atmosphere that willinhibit oxidation of the metal surface during austenitization, orit m
12、ay be used to protect the quenching oil, which may be aninert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a gas used for a heattreating furnace.3.1.5 quench media, nany medium, either liquid (water,oil, molten salt, or lead, aqueous solutions of water-solublepolymers or salt-brines) or gas or combinations of l
13、iquid andgas (air at atmospheric pressure, or pressurized nitrogen,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L0.06on Non-Lubricating Process Fluids.Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Publ
14、ished May 2012. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D671002(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D6710-02R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright AS
16、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.helium, hydrogen) such as air-water spray, used to facilitate thecooling of metal in such a way as to achieve the desiredphysical properties or microstructure.3.1.6 quench severity, nthe ability of
17、a quenching oil toextract heat from a hot metal traditionally defined by thequenching speed (cooling rate) at 1300F (705C) which wasrelated to a Grossmann H-Value or Quench Severity Factor(H-Factor).(2)3.1.7 quenching, ncooling process from a suitable el-evated temperature used to facilitate the for
18、mation of thedesired microstructure and properties of a metal as shown inFig. 2.3.1.8 transformation temperature, ncharacteristic tem-peratures that are important in the formation of martensiticmicrostructure as illustrated in Fig. 2;Ae equilibrium austen-itization phase change temperature; Ms tempe
19、rature at whichtransformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling;and Mf temperature at which transformation of austenite tomartensite is completed during cooling.Cooling Mechanisms3.1.9 convective cooling, nafter continued cooling, theinterfacial temperature between the cooling metal s
20、urface andthe quenching oil will be less than the boiling point of the oil,at which point cooling occurs by a convective cooling processas illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.10 full-film boiling, nupon initial immersion of hotsteel into a quench oil, a vapor blanket surrounds the metalsurface as shown in Fig
21、. 3. This is full-film boiling alsocommonly called vapor blanket cooling.3.1.11 Leidenfrost temperature, nthe characteristic tem-perature where the transition from full-film boiling (vaporblanket cooling) to nucleate boiling occurs which is indepen-dent of the initial temperature of the metal being
22、quenched asillustrated in Fig. 4. (3)3.1.12 nucleate boiling, nupon continued cooling, thevapor blanket that initially forms around the hot metal col-lapses and a nucleate boiling process, the fastest coolingportion of the quenching process, occurs as illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.13 vapor blanket cooli
23、ng, nSee full-film boiling(3.1.10).3.1.14 wettability, nwhen a heated metal, such as theprobe illustrated in Fig. 5, is immersed into a quenchingmedium, the cooling process shown in Fig. 6 occurs by initialvapor blanket formation followed by collapse, at which pointthe metal surface is wetted by the
24、 quenching medium. (4)Quench Oil Classification3.1.15 accelerated quenching oil, nalso referred to as afast or high-speed oil, these are oils that contain additions thatfacilitate collapse of the vapor blanket surrounding the hotmetal immediately upon immersion into the quenching oil, asshown in Fig
25、. 3.3.1.16 conventional quenching oil, nalso called slow oils,these oils typically exhibit substantial film-boiling characteris-tics, commonly referred to as vapor blanket cooling due torelatively stable vapor blanket formation, illustrated mechanis-tically in Fig. 2.3.1.17 marquenching oils, nalso
26、referred to as mar-quenching oils or hot oils, these oils are typically used attemperatures between 95 to 230C (203 to 446F) and areusually formulated to optimize oxidative and thermal stabilityby the addition of antioxidants and because they are used atrelatively high temperatures, a protective or
27、non-oxidizingenvironment is often employed, which permits much higheruse temperatures than open-air conditions.3.1.18 quenching oil, nalthough usually derived from apetroleum oil, they may also be derived from natural oils suchas vegetable oils or synthetic oils such as poly(alpha olefin).They are u
28、sed to mediate heat transfer from a heated metal,such as austenitized steel, to control the microstructure that isformed upon cooling and also control distortion and minimizecracking which may accompany the cooling process.Cooling Curve Terminology3.1.19 cooling curve, na graphic representation of t
29、hetemperature (T) versus cooling time (t) response of a probe.Anexample is illustrated in Fig. 3. (5)FIG. 1 (a) Conventional Quenching Cycle; (b) MartemperingD6710 02 (2012)23.1.20 cooling curve analysis, nprocess of quantifying thecooling characteristics of a quenching oil based on the time-tempera
30、ture profile obtained by cooling a preheated probeassembly (Fig. 5).3.1.21 cooling rate curve, nthe first derivative (dT/dt)ofthe cooling time-temperature curve as illustrated in Fig. 3. (5)4. Significance and Use4.1 The significance and use of each test method willdepend on the system in use and th
31、e purpose of the test methodlisted under Section 6. Use the most recent editions of the testmethods.5. Sampling5.1 Sampling UniformityFlow is never uniform in agi-tated quench tanks. There is always variation of flow rate andturbulence from top to bottom and across the tank. This meansthat there may
32、 be significant variations of particulate contami-nation including sludge from oil oxidation and metal scale. Foruniform sampling, a number of sampling recommendationshave been developed.5.1.1 Sampling Recommendations:5.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling TimeThe circulation pumpsshall be in operation for at lea
33、st 1 h prior to taking a samplefrom a quench system.FIG. 2 Transformation Diagram for a Low-Alloy Steel with Cooling Curves for Various Quenching Media (A) High Speed Oil (B)Conventional OilFIG. 3 Cooling Mechanisms for a Quenching Oil Superimposed on a Cooling Time-Temperature Curve and the Corresp
34、onding CoolingRate CurveD6710 02 (2012)35.1.1.2 Sampling PositionFor each system, the sampleshall be taken from the same position each time that system issampled. The sample shall be taken at the point of maximumflow turbulence. The position in the tank where the sample istaken shall be recorded.5.1
35、.1.3 Sampling ValvesIf a sample is taken from asampling valve, then sufficient quenching oil should be takenand discarded to ensure that the sampling valve and associatedpiping has been flushed, before the sample is taken.5.1.1.4 Sampling From Tanks With No AgitationIfsamples are to be taken from bu
36、lk storage tank or a quench tankwith no agitation, then samples shall be taken from the top andbottom of the bulk system or quench tank. If this is not possibleand the sample can only be taken from the top, then thelaboratory report shall state that the results represent a sampletaken from the top o
37、f the bulk system or quench tank and maynot be representative of the total system.5.1.1.5 Effect of Quenching Oil Addition as Make-Up Dueto DragoutIt is important to determine the quantity andfrequency of new quenchant additions, as large additions ofnew quench oil will have an effect on the test re
38、sults, inparticular the cooling curve. If a sample was taken just after alarge addition of new quench oil, this shall be taken intoconsideration when interpreting the cooling curve of this oilsample.5.1.1.6 Sampling ContainersSamples shall be collected innew containers. Under no circumstances shall
39、used beverage orfood containers be used because of the potential for fluidcontamination and leakage.FIG. 4 Leidenfrost Temperature and its Independence of the Initial Temperature of the Metal Being QuenchedNOTE 1Measurements are nominal. (From Test Method D6200.)FIG. 5 Probe Details and Probe Assemb
40、lyD6710 02 (2012)46. Recommended Test Procedures6.1 Performance-Related Physical and Chemical Proper-ties:6.1.1 Kinematic Viscosity, (Test Method D445)The per-formance of a quench oil is dependent on its viscosity, whichvaries with temperature and oil deterioration during continueduse. Increased oil
41、 viscosity typically results in decreased heattransfer rates. (6) Oil viscosity varies with temperature whichaffects heat transfer rates throughout the process.6.1.1.1 The flow velocity of a quench oil depends on bothviscosity and temperature. Some quench oils are used at highertemperatures, such as
42、 martempering oils, also known ashot-oils. Although the viscosity of a martempering oil may notfluctuate substantially at elevated temperatures, the oil maybecome almost solid upon cooling. Thus, the viscosity-temperature relationship (viscosity index) of a quench oil maybe critically important from
43、 the dual standpoint of quenchseverity and flow velocity.6.1.1.2 Typically kinematic viscosity determination by TestMethod D445 is used. Viscosity measurements are made at40C (104F) for conventional or accelerated oils and also at100C (212F) for martempering oils.6.1.2 Flash Point and Fire Point (Te
44、st Method D92)Useof a quench oil in an open system with no protective atmo-sphere shall be at least 60 to 65C lower than its actual opencup flash point to minimize the potential for fire. Generalguidelines have been developed for use-temperatures of aquench oil relative to its flash point.NOTE 1Ther
45、e are various manufacturer-dependent guidelines forrelating the suitability for use of a used quenching oil with respect to itsflash point and they shall be followed. In the absence of such guidelines,it is recommended that the use temperature of a quenching oil in an opensystem with no protective a
46、tmosphere shall be more than 60 to 65C (140to 149F) below its actual open-cup flash point. In closed systems wherea protective atmosphere is used, the use temperature of the used quenchingoil shall be at least 35C (95F) lower than its actual open-cup flash point.6.1.3 Density (Test Methods D1298 and
47、 D4052)The den-sity of materials of similar volatility is dependent on thechemical composition, and in the case of quenching oils, thetype of basestock used in formulation. The oxidative stabilityof quenching oils is also dependent on similar chemicalcomposition trends, and thus density (or relative
48、 density) is anindirect indicator of oxidative stability. Density (or relativedensity) is measured at, or converted to, a standard referencetemperature, normally either 15C or 60/60F, and these shouldbe quoted alongside the result.6.1.3.1 Test Method D1298 uses a hydrometer plus ther-mometer for mea
49、surement while Test Method D4052 uses adigital density meter based on an oscillating U-tube.NOTE 2Density or relative density are of limited value in theassessment of quality of a quenching oil.6.2 Aged Fluid PropertiesIn addition to significantchanges in fluid viscosity, oil degradation by thermal andoxidative processes may result in the formation of undesirablelevels of volatile by-products, sludge formation, metal-stainingproducts and particulates, all of which may result in loss ofcontrol of the quenching process.6.2.1 A
