1、Designation: D6710 02 (Reapproved 2012)D6710 17Standard Guide forEvaluation of Hydrocarbon-Based Quench Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-
3、basedquench oils for quality and aging.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsi
4、bilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stan
5、dardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lub
6、ricating OilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum ProductsD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by DistillationD189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Produc
7、tsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiomet
8、ric TitrationD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digita
9、l Density MeterD4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)D6200 Test Method for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve AnalysisD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric
10、 KarlFischer TitrationD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 9950 Industrial Quenching OilsDetermination of Cooling CharacteristicsNickel-Alloy Probe Test Method, 1995-95-011 This guide
11、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.L0.06 on Non-Lubricating Process Fluids.Current edition approved April 15, 2012Aug. 1, 2017. Published May 2012August 2017. Originally approved in 2
12、001. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 asD671002(2007).D6710 02 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/D6710-02R12.10.1520/D6710-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, ref
13、er to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indicat
14、ion of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be cons
15、idered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Quench Processing3.1.1 aust
16、enitization, nheating a steel containing less than the eutectoid concentration of carbon (about 0.8 mass %) to atemperature just above the eutectoid temperature to decompose the pearlite microstructure to produce a face-centered cubic (fcc)austenite-ferrite mixture.3.1.2 dragout, nsolution carried o
17、ut of a bath on the metal being quenched and associated handling equipment.3.1.3 martempering, ncooling steel from the austenitization temperature to a temperature just above the start of mertensitetransformation (Ms) for a time sufficient for the temperature to equalize between the surface and the
18、center of the steel, at whichpoint the steel is removed from the quench bath and air cooled as shown in Fig. 1. (1).43.1.4 protective atmosphere, nany atmosphere that will inhibit oxidation of the metal surface during austenitization, or it maybe used to protect the quenching oil, which may be an in
19、ert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a gas used for a heat treatingheat-treating furnace.3.1.5 quench media, nany medium, either liquid (water, oil, molten salt, or lead, aqueous solutions of water-soluble polymersor salt-brines) or gas or combinations of liquid and gas (air at atmospheric pressure,
20、 or pressurized nitrogen, helium, hydrogen)such as air-water spray, used to facilitate the cooling of metal in such a way as to achieve the desired physical properties ormicrostructure.3.1.6 quench severity, nthe ability of a quenching oil to extract heat from a hot metal traditionally defined by th
21、e quenchingspeed (cooling rate) at 1300F (705C)1300 F (705 C) which was related to a Grossmann H-Value or Quench Severity Factor(H-Factor).(H-Factor) (2).3.1.7 quenching, ncooling process from a suitable elevated temperature used to facilitate the formation of the desiredmicrostructure and propertie
22、s of a metal as shown in Fig. 2.3.1.8 transformation temperature, ncharacteristic temperatures that are important in the formation of martensitic microstruc-ture as illustrated in Fig. 2; Ae equilibrium austenitization phase change temperature; Ms temperature at which transformationof austenite to m
23、artensite starts during cooling; and Mf temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite iscompleted during cooling.Cooling Mechanisms3.1.9 convective cooling, nafter continued cooling, the interfacial temperature between the cooling metal surface and thequenching oil will be less than
24、 the boiling point of the oil, at which point cooling occurs by a convective cooling process asillustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.10 full-film boiling, nupon initial immersion of hot steel into a quench oil, a vapor blanket surrounds the metal surfaceas shown in Fig. 3. This is full-film boiling also commonl
25、y called vapor blanket cooling.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.FIG. 1 (a) Conventional Quenching Cycle; (b) MartemperingD6710 1723.1.11 Leidenfrost temperature, nthe characteristic temperature where the transition from full-film boili
26、ng (vapor blanketcooling) to nucleate boiling occurs which is independent of the initial temperature of the metal being quenched as illustrated inFig. 4. (3).3.1.12 nucleate boiling, nupon continued cooling, the vapor blanket that initially forms around the hot metal collapses anda nucleate boiling
27、process, the fastest cooling portion of the quenching process, occurs as illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.13 vapor blanket cooling, nSee full-film boiling (3.1.10).3.1.14 wettability, nwhen a heated metal, such as the probe illustrated in Fig. 5, is immersed into a quenching medium, thecooling process show
28、n in Fig. 6 occurs by initial vapor blanket formation followed by collapse, at which point the metal surfaceis wetted by the quenching medium.medium (4).FIG. 2 Transformation Diagram for a Low-Alloy Steel with Cooling Curves for Various Quenching Media (A) High Speed Oil (B) Conven-tional OilFIG. 3
29、Cooling Mechanisms for a Quenching Oil Superimposed on a Cooling Time-Temperature Curve and the Corresponding CoolingRate CurveD6710 173Quench Oil Classification3.1.15 accelerated quenching oil, nalso referred to as a fast or high-speed oil, these are oils that contain additions thatfacilitate colla
30、pse of the vapor blanket surrounding the hot metal immediately upon immersion into the quenching oil, as shownin Fig. 3.3.1.16 conventional quenching oil, nalso called slow oils, these oils typically exhibit substantial film-boiling characteristics,commonly referred to as vapor blanket cooling due t
31、o relatively stable vapor blanket formation, illustrated mechanistically in Fig.2.3.1.17 marquenching oils, nalso referred to as marquenching oils or hot oils, these oils are typically used at temperaturesbetween 9595 C to 230C (203230 C (203 F to 446F)446 F) and are usually formulated to optimize o
32、xidative and thermalstability by the addition of antioxidants and because they are used at relatively high temperatures, a protective or non-oxidizingenvironment is often employed, which permits much higher use temperatures than open-air conditions.3.1.18 quenching oil, nalthough usually derived fro
33、m a petroleum oil, they may also be derived from natural oils such asvegetable oils or synthetic oils such as poly(alpha olefin). They are used to mediate heat transfer from a heated metal, such asaustenitized steel, to control the microstructure that is formed upon cooling and also control distorti
34、on and minimize crackingwhich may accompany the cooling process.FIG. 4 Leidenfrost Temperature and its Independence of the Initial Temperature of the Metal Being QuenchedNOTE 1Measurements are nominal. (From Test Method D6200.)FIG. 5 Probe Details and Probe AssemblyD6710 174Cooling Curve Terminology
35、3.1.19 cooling curve, na graphic representation of the temperature (T) versus cooling time (t) response of a probe.An exampleis illustrated in Fig. 3. (5).3.1.20 cooling curve analysis, nprocess of quantifying the cooling characteristics of a quenching oil based on thetime-temperature profile obtain
36、ed by cooling a preheated probe assembly (Fig. 5).3.1.21 cooling rate curve, nthe first derivative (dT/dt) of the cooling time-temperature curve as illustrated in Fig. 3. (5).4. Significance and Use4.1 The significance and use of each test method will depend on the system in use and the purpose of t
37、he test method listed underSection 6. Use the most recent editions of the test methods.5. Sampling5.1 Sampling UniformityFlow is never uniform in agitated quench tanks. There is always variation of flow rate and turbulencefrom top to bottom and across the tank. This means that there may be significa
38、nt variations of particulate contamination includingsludge from oil oxidation and metal scale. For uniform sampling, a number of sampling recommendations have been developed.5.1.1 Sampling Recommendations:5.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling TimeThe circulation pumps shall be in operation for at least 1 h prior
39、 to taking a sample from aquench system.5.1.1.2 Sampling PositionFor each system, the sample shall be taken from the same position each time that system is sampled.The sample shall be taken at the point of maximum flow turbulence. The position in the tank where the sample is taken shall berecorded.5
40、.1.1.3 Sampling ValvesIf a sample is taken from a sampling valve, then sufficient quenching oil should be taken anddiscarded to ensure that the sampling valve and associated piping hashave been flushed, before the sample is taken.5.1.1.4 Sampling Fromfrom Tanks Withwith No AgitationIf samples are to
41、 be taken from bulk storage tank or a quench tankwith no agitation, then samples shall be taken from the top and bottom of the bulk system or quench tank. If this is not possibleand the sample can only be taken from the top, then the laboratory report shall state that the results represent a sample
42、taken fromthe top of the bulk system or quench tank and may not be representative of the total system.5.1.1.5 Effect of Quenching Oil Addition as Make-Up Due to DragoutIt is important to determine the quantity and frequencyof new quenchant additions, as large additions of new quench oil will have an
43、 effect on the test results, in particular the coolingcurve. If a sample was taken just after a large addition of new quench oil, this shall be taken into consideration when interpretingthe cooling curve of this oil sample.5.1.1.6 Sampling ContainersSamples shall be collected in new containers. Unde
44、r no circumstances shall used beverage orfood containers be used because of the potential for fluid contamination and leakage.6. Recommended Test Procedures6.1 Performance-Related Physical and Chemical Properties:FIG. 6 Actual Cooling Process and Movement of the Wetting Front on a Metal Surface Duri
45、ng a Quenching ProcessD6710 1756.1.1 Kinematic Viscosity, (Test Method D445 or D7042)The performance of a quench oil is dependent on its viscosity, whichvaries with temperature and oil deterioration during continued use. Increased oil viscosity typically results in decreased heattransfer rates.rates
46、 (6). Oil viscosity varies with temperature which affects heat transfer rates throughout the process.6.1.1.1 The flow velocity of a quench oil depends on both viscosity and temperature. Some quench oils are used at highertemperatures, such as martempering oils, also known as hot-oils. Although the v
47、iscosity of a martempering oil may not fluctuatesubstantially at elevated temperatures, the oil may become almost solid upon cooling. Thus, the viscosity-temperature relationship(viscosity index) of a quench oil may be critically important from the dual standpoint of quench severity and flow velocit
48、y.6.1.1.2 Typically kinematic viscosity determination by Test Method D445 or D7042 is used. Viscosity measurements are madeat 40C (104F)40 C (104 F) for conventional or accelerated oils and also at 100C (212F)100 C (212 F) for martemperingoils.6.1.2 Flash Point and Fire Point (Test Method D92)Use of
49、 a quench oil in an open system with no protective atmosphere shallbe at least 6060 C to 65C65 C lower than its actual open cup flash point to minimize the potential for fire. General guidelineshave been developed for use-temperatures use temperatures of a quench oil relative to its flash point.NOTE 1There are various manufacturer-dependent guidelines for relating the suitability for use of a used quenching oil with respect to its flash pointand they shall be followed. In the absence of such guidelines, i
