1、Designation: D6715 13Standard Practice forSampling and Preparation of Fresh or Salt-Preserved(Cured) Hides and Skins for Chemical and Physical Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6715; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the sampling and preparation offresh or salt-preserved (cure
3、d) hides for physical and chemicaltests. The hides or skins to be tested are grouped into lots. Eachlot is randomly sampled in such a manner as to produce arepresentative sample of that lot. This lot sample may be usedto determine compliance of the lot with applicable specificationrequirements, and
4、on the basis of results, the lot may beaccepted or rejected in its entirety.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This
5、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Defini
6、tions:2.1.1 brine-curingpreserving by immersing flayed hidesinto concentrated/saturated salt (sodium chloride) solutionuntil sufficient salt has been absorbed by the hide, thus makingit temporarily resistant to bacterial action (cured).2.1.2 curecommonly used industry reference to salt pres-ervation
7、.2.1.3 cured hides (salted hides)commonly used industryterm for salt-preserved hides.2.1.4 de-haired hidea fresh or salt-preserved hide with thehair removed.2.1.5 fresh hidea recently flayed hide or skin that has notbeen preserved (such as salt-cured).2.1.6 hair-on hidea fresh or salt-preserved hide
8、 with thehair not removed.2.1.7 laboratory termsany laboratory terms and defini-tions employed within this practice are commonly used innormal laboratory practice and require no special comment.2.1.8 lot (or batch)units of products from a single type,grade, class, size, and composition, manufactured
9、 under essen-tially the same conditions and time.2.1.8.1 DiscussionFresh or salt-preserved hides in formedlots should be produced from:(1) Units of product of similar size and type,(2) Fresh or salt-preserved hides obtained from the sameproducer (functionally equivalent),(3) A single product method,
10、 or(4) Sequential production batches.2.1.9 salt preservation (cure)is defined as the action ofapplying salt (typically sodium chloride) to flayed hides inorder to make them temporarily resistant to degradation bybacterial (enzymatic) action. Typically, this is achieved byeither brine-curing or wet-s
11、alting (salt-packing).2.1.10 salt-preserved (cured) hidesare defined as hidesthat have been processed into a condition that makes themtemporarily resistant to degradation by bacterial (enzymatic)action. This is achieved by the application of adequate salt(typically sodium chloride) to the hide.2.1.1
12、1 unitan item of fresh or salt-preserved hide in theform in which it is purchased, such as a single hide, skin, orany part thereof.2.1.12 wet-salting (salt-pack)the action of applying suffi-cient granular salt (sodium chloride) to flayed hides (normallyupon the flesh side) over sufficient time, in o
13、rder to have thesalt absorbed by the hide, making it temporarily resistant tobacterial action (cured).3. Significance and Use3.1 The sampling procedures described in this practice havebeen designed to ensure random sampling of salt-preservedhides and skins for physical and chemical tests. Fresh orsa
14、lt-preserved hides are natural products and as such aresubject to extensive variability. The physical and chemicalproperties vary considerably depending on location on thatspecific hide, side, or skin from which the test sample is taken.Random sampling of specimens from a predefined location and1Thi
15、s practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.02 on Wet Blue.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6715-08. DOI:10.1520/D6715-13.Copy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1orientation minimizes test bias and variability. This practicedefines these parameters.3.2 In general, tests carried out upon fresh or salt-preservedhides require composite lot samples gener
17、ated using thepreparation methods described within this practice. Subsequenttests typically require those composite samples to be in twoforms:3.2.1 Expressed Hide Fluidwhere residual hide fluid ispressed from cleaned individual hair-on or de-haired hidesample, then equal volumes of each extracted fl
18、uid are blendedtogether to create the composite sample.NOTE 1Sample may be de-haired prior to pressing.3.2.2 Hide Material Samplewhere equal quantities ofcleaned hair-on or de-haired hide material are blended togetherto create a representative composite sample.NOTE 2Samples may be de-haired prior to
19、 compositing.4. Conditioning4.1 Since many tests performed upon fresh or salt-preservedhides involve the assessment of bacterial action, conditioningof the hide samples should be avoided. When possible, samplepreparation should be performed immediately followingcompletion of sampling.4.2 Chemical an
20、d physical tests of fresh or salt-preservedhides, unless otherwise specified in the applicable test method,specification, or procurement document, shall be performedunder laboratory standard atmospheric conditions, which is 506 4 % relative humidity at a temperature of 23 6 1C (73.4 62F). Include ha
21、ir-on or de-haired in the report of all tests. Iftesting conditions vary from this standard, the actual conditionsshall be included in the report of all such tests.5. Sampling Procedure5.1 Prior to sampling, identify the product properly as a lotor batch.5.2 Select units from locations scattered thr
22、oughout the lot,not from the same portion of the lot, such as a single carton,layer, and so forth. Take units without regard to quality.5.2.1 The number of samples taken depends on the reliabil-ity of the test results, the deviation of the properties, and theerror of the testing procedure. The numbe
23、r of samples takenmay be at the discretion of the user and the related test methodand should also be recorded on the test report. It is recom-mended that 12 samples be taken for every 50 000 ft2of hidesor skins. These 12 shall be considered a lot or batch.NOTE 3By reason of possible high moisture co
24、ntents of fresh orsalt-preserved hides, samples should be taken and immediately sealed inairtight (non-absorbent) plastic wrap or bags, followed by storage in a coolplace until used.5.3 The standard location for sampling fresh or salt-preserved hides is the kidney area (designated as TestArea A inFi
25、g. 1). Sampling in the belly or shoulder area is onlyapplicable if that is the end product being sold or purchased.5.3.1 Skins (Fig. 1)Cut the test piece to the size and shaperequired for the tests to be made, with one edge parallel to and1 in. (25.4 mm) from the backbone line, beginning 4 in. (101m
26、m) from the root of the tail. Pieces shall be cut from only oneside of the backbone of each skin. The test area for skinscorresponds to area A for cattlehides.5.3.2 CattlehidesThe location and size of cutting shall beas follows:5.3.2.1 Hides, Sides, Crops, Backs, and Bends (Fig. 1)Cutthe test piece
27、to the size and shape required for the test to bemade, with one edge parallel to and 2 in. (51 mm) from theFIG. 1 Location of Test AreaD6715 132backbone line beginning 7 in. (178 mm) from the root of thetail. In most instances, test piece A may be cut 4 by 4 in. (102by 102 mm). Sample double bends,
28、belting butts, and hides ononly one side of the backbone (see Test Area A).5.3.2.2 Bellies (Fig. 1)Cut the test piece, X, 3-in. (76-mm)wide and 5-in. (127-mm) long with one long edge parallel toand 1 in. (25.4 mm) from the belly line, DF. Locate the middleof the piece midway between D and F.5.3.2.3
29、Double Shoulders (Fig. 1)Cut the test piece, Y,3by 5 in. (76 by 127 mm) with a long edge parallel to and 1 in.(25.4 mm) from the shoulder line, BE. Locate the middle of thepiece midway between B and E.5.3.3 Cut each specimen for test with its long dimensionperpendicular to the backbone line unless o
30、therwise specifiedin the corresponding test method.5.3.4 When several specimens are required from each piece,cut them in order of their corresponding method, beginning atthe edge nearest the tail.5.3.5 When cutting specimens for physical tests, areasselected shall be free from visible defects such a
31、s cuts,scratches, and other obvious flaws.6. Sample Preparation6.1 Time is crucial in the preparation of fresh or salt-preserved hides for chemical testing. Samples should not beprepared if analysis can not be done immediately. The follow-ing procedures should be executed with a minimum of hideexpos
32、ure to both the air and moisture- or salt-absorbentmaterials (including human skin). Ensuring this will prevent orminimize any significant moisture or salt loss from thesamples.6.2 During all stages of preparation, samples shall always becut on a non-porous, non-absorbing hard surface using a cleans
33、harp cutting tool, preferably a new razor or scalpel blade.Avoid excess pressure on the sample that could force liquid(moisture) from the hide sample.6.3 De-hairing and Cleaning:6.3.1 Without damaging the hide surfaces, carefully removeall the hair and manure from each hide sample using appro-priate
34、 equipment (clippers, scissors, razor, knife, and so forth).6.3.2 Remove any loose surface salt or residual undesiredmaterial (manure, dirt, and so forth) from each hide sample.NOTE 4Typically the volume of liquid extracted (pressed) from eachindividual hide sample is small and usually requires wrin
35、ging (squeezing)of almost all the original hide sample to obtain sufficient volume ofexpressed liquid. Therefore it is recommended that after the circular hideplug for the hide material composite (see 6.4) is cut, then the remaininghide sample be used for liquid extraction.6.4 Hide Material Sample:6
36、.4.1 Using appropriate equipment (scalpel, single-edgedrazor blade, cutting die, and so forth), cut a 1 in. (25.4 mm)diameter circular plug (disc) from each original hide sample,6.4.2 Uniformly dice each plug into14 in. (6 mm) cubes,6.4.3 Place all the diced-up samples into a suitably sizedairtight
37、glass or plastic container that has minimal airspaceonce all diced hide samples have been added,6.4.4 Repeat the dicing procedure for each of the individualhide sample plugs, until the composite sample is complete,6.4.5 Thoroughly mix the composite sample.6.4.6 All chemical analyses shall be taken f
38、rom the com-posite sample and be performed in duplicate.6.5 Expressed Liquid Sample:6.5.1 Manually (hand squeezing) or mechanically (vice,clamp, or press) wring each hide sample so that the resultantexpressed fluid is captured in an appropriate clean and dryreceptacle (glass or plastic Petri dish, b
39、eaker, and so forth). Itis advisable to extract at least 2 mL of fluid per sample.6.5.2 Using an appropriate measuring device (such as acalibrated dropping pipette), blend together equal portions ofeach hide sample fluid into an appropriate (airtight) container.6.5.3 Carefully mix the composite by g
40、entle agitation, thenseal the container and store it until the liquid is required foruse.6.5.4 Storage of the liquid sample should be avoided, ifpossible. However, where it may be necessary, storage shouldbe kept to an absolute minimum and under refrigeratedconditions so as to minimize or eliminate
41、any bacterial action.Refrigerated storage should be for no more than 8 h.7. Keywords7.1 chemical tests; cured hides; de-haired hide; fresh hide;hair-on hide; lot; physical tests; preparation; salt-preservation;salted hides; sampling; unitASTM International takes no position respecting the validity o
42、f any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to
43、 revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.
44、Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is c
45、opyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D6715 133
