1、Designation: D 6819 02e3An American National StandardStandard Test Method forAccelerated Temperature Aging of Printing and WritingPaper by Dry Oven Exposure Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEIn 6.1, “forced-ventilation oven” was editorially changed to “force
3、d-convection oven” in March 2003.e2NOTEReference to a research report was added in September 2003.e3NOTEResearch Report D061004 was editorially replaced with Adjunct ADJD06PAPERAGING in March 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure foraccelerating the aging of printing and
4、 writing paper withinsealed glass tubes through exposure to elevated temperaturewithin an oven.1.2 This test method applies to all types of printing andwriting paper whether it is plain base paper, has internaladditives, is coated, is printed or contains any variants ofprinting and writing paper fou
5、nd in normal usage.1.3 This test method specifies the sample preparation andconditions of exposure required to obtain information on thestability of paper to aging with regard to changes in mechanicalstrength properties brought about by exposure of such paper toelevated temperature.1.4 This test met
6、hod provides the means to compare thestability of different papers on a relative basis, but does notattempt to project the exact life expectancy for a given paper.Life expectancy depends in large part on the limits of accept-ability beyond which various paper properties are no longeruseful, as defin
7、ed by end-users. For a given paper, those limitswill be different for different end-users. This test method doesnot provide a means to measure or to calculate such lifeexpectancy.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespon
8、sibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and R
9、elated ProductD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of PaperD 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-o
10、f-Elongation ApparatusD 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper ProductsD 2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. TesterD 5804 Test Methods for Zero-Span Tensile Strength (“DryZero-Span Tensile”)2.2 ASTM Adjunct:ASTM Paper Aging Research Program33. Terminology3.1 Definition
11、sDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968. For terms used in this specificationwhich are not provided by Terminology D 1968, see theDictionary of Paper.44. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method conditioned samples of printing andwriting paper are placed inside airtight glass
12、 tubes to retainmoisture and air. They are then aged at a constant elevatedtemperature in a well-controlled laboratory oven for a fixed testperiod. The aging of paper due to its interaction with moistureand air is accelerated at the elevated temperature. Mechanicalstrength properties of the paper ar
13、e measured before and afterthe aging process. The extent of retention of these propertiesprovides a measure of the physical strength stability of thepaper as it relates to its aging.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct respons
14、ibility of Subcommittee D06.92 onStandard Documents Relating to Paper and Paper Products.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2002. Published October 2002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order AdjunctNo.ADJD06PAPERAGING. Formerly Research Report D061004.4Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry(TAPPI), P.O. Box 105
16、113, Atlanta, GA 30348, 5th ed., 1996.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method will find use by parties concerned withthe relative level of physical strength stability over time ofva
17、rious printing and writing papers.5.2 The test will provide manufacturers, paper users andother interested parties with rankings of paper stability thatidentify papers that will be stable and those that will beunstable when aged under normal conditions of use andhandling over time.5.3 The stability
18、rankings may be used for definition of thestability of a given printing and writing paper to aging overtime when subjected to reasonable conditions of use andhandling. These rankings will not define specific periods of lifeexpectancy, as the limit of mechanical strength propertyacceptability will be
19、 different for various users of a givenpaper.6. Apparatus6.1 Use a laboratory forced-convection oven that maintainsa uniform temperature of 100 6 1.0C.6.2 Configure the oven so that conditioned paper, enclosedwithin airtight glass tubes, can be aged in its interior space.6.3 Include multiple racks w
20、ithin the oven to allow horizon-tal orientation of glass tubes inside the oven.6.4 Provide glass tubes of approximately 36.0-cm3internalvolume per oven-dry gram of paper to be evaluated. Usescrew-on caps that are fitted with O-rings or gaskets that ensurea hermetic seal of the interior contents duri
21、ng the elevatedtemperature aging. Use materials (glass, cap, O-ring, or gasket)that are thermally stable at or preferably well above the agingtemperature of 100C, and also chemically resistant to acidcorrosion. Two sources of tubes of approximately 145-cm3internal volume have been tested and found t
22、o be satisfactory.They are:6.4.1 Kontes Hybridization Tubes, 35-mm inside diameterby 150-mm long (Kontes No. K736500-3515). These glasstubes have polypropylene screw caps with silicone rubberO-rings.6.4.2 Lab-Line Hybridization Tubes, 38-mm outside diam-eter by 150-mm long (Lab-Line No. 308-9). Thes
23、e tubes havepolypropylene screw caps with TFE-fluorocarbon resin gas-kets.7. Calibration7.1 Provide an oven in which the internal temperatureuniformity can be maintained to within 61.0C at 100C.7.2 Recalibrate the oven with sufficient frequency to ensurecontinual maintenance of the required temperat
24、ure.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition the paper samples according to PracticeD 685 for a minimum of 24 h both immediately prior to andimmediately following the accelerated aging period. Omit thepreconditioning step of Practice D 685 following the agingperiod.9. Procedure9.1 At all times throughout this t
25、est procedure, handle papersamples only with clean cotton gloves. This means that cleancotton gloves are required for handling of the paper both beforeand following the aging procedure.9.2 Select paper samples according to Practice D 585.9.3 For the sample selected, randomize the sheets of paper.9.4
26、 From the randomized set of paper sheets, select eightindividual sheets (equivalent to 812 by 11-in. sheets) at randomfor each test unit. Two test units are required for each sample;one for the testing of the unaged paper, and a second for thetesting of the aged paper.9.5 Thoroughly clean the aging
27、tubes prior to insertion ofpaper. The required cleaning sequence follows:9.5.1 Wash thoroughly with non-ionic detergent and tapwater.9.5.2 Rinse the tubes thoroughly with tap water to removeall residual soap.9.5.3 Rinse three more times with distilled water and allowto drain sufficiently.9.5.4 Dry t
28、he tubes in an oven at about 105C.9.5.5 Condition the complete tube assembly (opened) for aminimum of 24 h in a room conditioned at the terms specifiedin Practice D 685.9.6 If starting with new, previously unused aging tubes,caps, O-rings or gaskets, bake them at 100 to 105C for at least24 h in prep
29、aration for their first use, following the completionof the previous cleaning steps.9.7 After conditioning has been completed, cap the tubesand maintain them in that condition until their use in an agingtest.9.8 For each test unit, cut the paper sheets in the dimensionsappropriate for the relevant A
30、STM strength tests that are to beperformed following the aging procedure.9.9 Place conditioned paper in the tubes for aging, butdetermine the weight required as the ovendry weight of thepaper. To insert the correct ovendry weight, determine themoisture content of the conditioned paper according to T
31、estMethod D 644. Subtract the weight of moisture as thusdetermined from the total conditioned weight of the paper tocalculate the correct ovendry weight. Insert an amount ofconditioned paper that will provide a ratio of 0.0275 ovendrygram of paper for each cubic centimeter of capped aging tubeintern
32、al volume.9.10 For the tubes of 145 cm3identified in 6.4, insert anamount of conditioned paper equivalent to 4.0 g 6 0.1 ovendrygrams per tube. Four tubes are required to age one test unitwith fold strips (40) and tear strips (8 to 16, depending ongrammage) divided evenly between the four tubes. For
33、 tubes ofdifferent volume, adjust the number of strips proportionately tomaintain the required 0.0275 ovendry grams of paper per cubiccentimeter of internal capped tube volume. Ensure that thereare at least 40 fold strips and 8 to 16 tear strips (depending ongrammage) in each test unit.9.11 If the r
34、equired ovendry weight of paper cannot beacquired by adjustment of specimen dimensions (within theallowable tolerances), cut an additional small portion of paperfrom the same test unit and add it to the tube to provide therequired mass per unit volume for the tube size being utilized.9.12 While stil
35、l in the conditioned room, insert the condi-tioned specimens into the aging tubes. For the tear strength test,D681902e32roll test strips of the paper (two to four, depending ongrammage), one atop the other, for proper sample insertion intothe internal periphery of the aging tubes. Ensure that the te
36、artest strips are free of folds or creases at the time they are finallyin place in the tube. Insert the fold specimens inside the rolledtear test strips. Put the caps into place and secure (hand-tight)to provide a complete seal.9.13 Provide a means to identify the test units being testedby making an
37、 identification mark on the exterior of each agingtube.9.14 Prior to aging, raise the oven temperature to 100C.9.15 Insert loaded tubes into the heated oven on their sidesand place them so as to be only one layer deep on each ovenrack.9.16 Age the test units continuously for 120 6 0.5 h.9.17 Upon re
38、moval from the oven, return each tube to theroom conditioned in accordance with Practice D 685 and allowthem to equilibrate unopened to room temperature for aminimum of 1 h. Note any observable change in paperappearance. Observe these changes through the tube without itshaving been uncapped. If the
39、color of the aged samples appearsdifferent in different tubes, the samples with the lighter colormay not be airtight.9.18 Uncap the tubes upon their return to the ambienttemperature of the conditioned room and then allow thespecimens to equilibrate for at least 24 h.9.19 Once the paper has reached e
40、quilibrium with roomconditions, remove the specimens with tweezers, taking care toensure that no creases or folds are made in the paper.9.20 Carefully unroll the tear test strips and place them on aflat, clean, inert surface. Cover them with a sheet of glass orpoly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Add w
41、eight atop thesheet of glass or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in orderto provide a total weight of approximately 1 kg applied evenlyover the full surface of the tear strips. Leave the weight in placefor at least 12 h. The uniform, low-pressure application of forceon the surface of the tear test s
42、trips is required to reduce thecurl in the strips at the time of their testing. At the end of the“flattening” period, carefully remove the weight from the teartest strips.9.21 Perform tests on the test units in accordance with therelevant ASTM test method. Perform these tests at the sametime on unag
43、ed and aged (according to the procedure describedpreviously) test units of the same paper sample.As a minimum,the tests to be performed must include:9.21.1 M.I.T. fold endurance in the machine direction (MD)of the paper, and9.21.2 Tear strength in the cross direction (CD) of the paper.10. Calculatio
44、n and Interpretation of Results10.1 Calculate the results for any given strength test accord-ing to instructions included in the relevant ASTM test method.10.2 Calculate the % retention of the MIT folding endur-ance as follows:fold retention, % 5fold number MD! aged samplefold number MD! unaged samp
45、le3 100 (1)10.3 Calculate the % retention of the internal tearing resis-tance as follows:tear retention, % 5tearing force CD! aged sampletearing force CD! unaged sample3 100 (2)11. Report11.1 Report paper stability according to the measured %property retention as in Table 1. For a paper to be classi
46、fied asstable, all of the paper stability determination results must beclassified as stable. That is to say if the paper stabilitydetermination results for internal tearing resistance are classi-fied as stable but the results for MIT fold endurance areclassified as unstable, the paper shall be judge
47、d unstable.NOTE 1A higher fold and tear strength retention suggests a morestable paper.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision and bias requirements are found in the testmethods for MIT fold endurance (Test Method D 2176) andInternal Tearing Resistance (Test Method D 689).13. Keywords13.1 accelerated a
48、ging of paper; life expectancy; physicalstrength permanence; stability of paperTABLE 1 Paper Stability Determination% Property Retention (after 120-h of aging at 100C)StabilityClassificationM.I.T. FoldEndurance (MD)Internal TearingResistance (CD)Stable $50 $85Unstable 50 85D681902e33APPENDIX(Nonmand
49、atory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONX1.1 Additional Mechanical Strength TestingX1.1.1 Alternate mechanical strength tests may be per-formed at the discretion of the testing authority (note: no paperstability determination values have been determined for thesealternate tests). They shall be according to the relevant ASTMor TAPPI test method and may include:X1.1.1.1 Tensile energy absorption (TEA), andX1.1.1.2 Zero-span tensile strength.X1.1.2 Tensile energy absorption testing procedure is foundin Test Method D 828. Zero-span tensile strength is found inTest M
