1、Designation: D6859 18Standard Test Method forPile Thickness of Finished Level Pile Yarn Floor Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of pilethickness of finished level pile yarn floor covering using athickness measuri
3、ng instrument having a stationary surface(platen), a circular pressure foot under specified force, andcapable of being moved vertically above the platen.1.2 This test method is applicable only to finished levelloop, cutpile and cut one 1.000 60.001 in. (25.40 6 0.03 mm) diameter, the other 2.250 6 0
4、.001in. (57.15 6 0.003 mm) in diameter.7.2.3 Having means for indicating the vertical distancebetween the presser foot and the plate to the nearest 0.001 in.(0.03 mm) and capable of developing and indicating a force upto 0.6 lbf (2.77 n) between the presser foot and the plate.8. Conditioning8.1 Cond
5、ition the test sample or test specimens in thestandard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in PracticeD1776.9. Procedure9.1 Total Thickness:9.1.1 Select the number and location of the test specimensas directed in Section 6. Prepare the test specimens accordingto the procedures listed in Sect
6、ion 8. The test specimens shallbe 10.0 6 0.1 in. (250 6 3 mm) in the lengthwise direction and12.5 6 0.1 in. (320 6 3 mm) in the widthwise direction. Thetest specimens may be prepared according to the examples inAppendix X1.9.1.2 Select a strip specimen from each of the test speci-mens. The strip spe
7、cimens shall be 10.0 6 0.1 in. (250 6 3mm) in the lengthwise direction and 2.5 6 0.1 in. (64 6 3 mm)in the widthwise direction and shall be conditioned as directedin Section 8.9.1.3 Attach the 2.250 in. (57.15 mm) diameter presser footloosely to the moveable stem or head of the instrument andbring t
8、he diameter presser foot into firm contact with the plate.Tighten the presser foot on the stem.9.1.4 Check the instrument zero by lowering the presser footinto contact with the plate until the indicated pressure increasesto the pressure to be used in measuring the indicated distancebetween the foot
9、and the plate, which must read 0 6 0.001 in.(6 0.03 mm). If the reading is not within this range, make anadjustment appropriate to the type of instrument being used.Verify the instrument with calibrated thickness blocks.9.1.5 For each strip specimen, raise the presser foot andcenter the specimen, pi
10、le face up, on the plate under the foot.Lower the presser foot slowly (take about 5 s to apply full load)onto the pile surface until a pressure of 0.100 6 0.003 psi (6896 21 Pa) is exerted on the specimen. Read the distancebetween the presser foot and the plate to the nearest 0.001 in.(0.03 mm), det
11、ermine the total thickness in three different areasfor each strip specimen and record the average as the totalthickness, T.9.1.6 Shear the pile on the strip specimen down to a stubblemeasuring approximately 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).NOTE 1Both adhesive projections and a fiber layer needle punched tothe surf
12、ace of the backing can interfere with shearing the pile down to astubble of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). Therefore, a seven and one half fold increasein pressure in measuring the thickness of the stubble specimen is used tolevel out minor variations in stubble height.9.2 Backing Thickness:9.2.1 Attach the 1.0
13、00 in. (25.40 mm) diameter presser footloosely to the stem and bring the presser foot into firm contactwith the plate. Tighten the presser foot on the stem. Check theinstrument zero as directed in 9.1.4.D6859 1829.2.2 For each stubble specimen, raise the presser foot andcenter the specimen, stubble
14、side up, on the plate. Lower thepresser foot onto the stubble surface until a pressure of 0.75 60.01 psi (5170 6 69 Pa) is exerted on the stubble specimen.Read the distance between the presser foot and the plate to thenearest 0.01 in. (0.03 mm), determine the backing thickness inthree different area
15、s for of each strip specimen and record theaverage as the backing thickness, B.10. Calculation10.1 A test result is the average of the measurements madeon a set of test specimens described in 6.4. In this method,directions are given only for obtaining a test result from onetest specimen. The value r
16、epresentative of the lot beingsampled will be the average of the test results from eachlaboratory sampling unit.10.2 For each strip specimen calculate the pile thicknessusing Eq 1.P 5 T 2 B (1)where:P = pile thickness, in. (mm),T = average total thickness, in. (mm), andB = average backing thickness,
17、 in. (mm).10.2.1 Calculate the average values of pile thickness andtotal thickness from average values obtained on individual stripspecimens to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.03 mm) for each laboratorysampling unit.10.3 Calculate the average values of pile thickness and totalthickness for the lot from aver
18、age values obtained from alllaboratory sampling units in the lot to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3mm).11. Report11.1 State the test sample was tested as directed in TestMethod D6859 for determining the pile thickness of level pileyarn floor covering. Describe the material or product sampledand the method
19、 of sampling used.11.2 Report the average pile thickness and when required,total thickness, for each laboratory sampling unit and for thelot.12. Precision and Bias12.1 SummaryIn comparing two averages, the differencesshould not exceed the single-operator precision values shownin Tables 1 and 2 for t
20、he respective number of tests in 95 outof 100 cases when all the observations are taken by the samewell-trained operator using the same piece of equipment andspecimens randomly drawn from the sample of material.Larger differences are likely to occur under all other circum-stances.12.2 Interlaborator
21、y Test DataAn interlaboratory test wasrun in 2000 in which randomly drawn samples of fourmaterials were tested in each of five laboratories. One operatorin each laboratory each tested two specimens of each materialusing Test Method D6859. One of the two specimens wastested on one day and one specime
22、n was tested on a secondday. Analysis of the data was conducted using standardstatistical practice. The components of variance for Pile Thick-ness expressed as standard deviations were calculated to thevalues listed in Table 1. The material; types were:Material A: 1/10 Gauge Level LoopMaterial B: 1/
23、10 Gauge Level LoopMaterial C: 1/10 Gauge Cut PileMaterial D: 1/10 Gauge Cut Pile Graphics12.3 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported inTable 1, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals the critical di
24、fference listed in Tables 2 and 3.There were sufficient differences related to the material typeand structure to warrant listing the components of variance andthe critical differences separately.NOTE 2The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, par
25、ticularly with respect to between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made abouttwo specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, betweenthem must be established, with each comparison being based on recentdata obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material
26、 to the type beingevaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and thenrandomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.12.4 BiasThe value of pile thickness can only be definedin terms of a test method. Within this limitation, Test MethodD6859 has no known bias.TABLE 1 Compo
27、nents of Variance Expressed as StandardDeviationsAVarianceComponentSingle MaterialComparisons forLoop Pile CarpetSingle MaterialComparisons forCut Pile CarpetWithin Laboratory 0.002 0.005Between Laboratory 0.011 0.006AThe square roots of the components of variance are being reported to expressthe va
28、riability in the appropriate units of measure rather than as the squares ofthose units of measure.TABLE 2 Critical Differences for Two Averages for the ConditionsNoted, 95 % Probability Level, Pile Thickness in Inches for LoopPile CarpetNumber ofDeterminationsSingle Material ComparisonsWithin Labora
29、toryPrecisionBetweenLaboratoryPrecision1 0.0056 0.02992 0.0040 0.02963 0.0033 0.02955 0.0025 0.0294TABLE 3 Critical Differences for Two Averages for the ConditionsNoted 95 % Probability Level, Pile Thickness in Inches for CutPile CarpetNumber ofDeterminationsSingle Material ComparisonsWithin Laborat
30、oryPrecision CDBetweenLaboratoryPrecision CD1 0.0131 0.02082 0.0093 0.01863 0.0076 0.01775 0.0059 0.0172D6859 18313. Keywords13.1 carpet; pile height; pile thickness; pile yarn floorcovering; tuft heightANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. CLARIFICATION OF PILE HEIGHT, PILE THICKNESS, AND TUFT HEIGHTA1.1
31、 IntroductionA1.1.1 Confusion sometimes arises in specifying and test-ing pile yarn floor coverings due to the similarity of theterminology describing these distinctly different methods ofmeasuring the height of the pile in relation to the backing. Eachmethod has a specific purpose and yields differ
32、ent data. Theycannot be compared or interchanged. Problems occur whenspecifications are written using pile height and the testinglaboratory reports pile thickness or tuft height, which may beappropriate for the particular product. Measuring pile thicknessor tuft height of a typical loop pile carpet
33、by either procedurewill yield a difference in the range of 30 to 40 % from the pileheight measurement.A1.2 Pile HeightA1.2.1 Pile height is typically used generically by thelayman and by manufacturing personnel in setting machinery.A1.2.2 Pile height is measured by inserting a small gradu-ated ruler
34、 into the pile down to the backing and reading theoverall height of the pile. This procedure is subject to signifi-cant variability between technicians and is therefore used onlyfor rough field work and in machinery settings during themanufacturing process and shall not be used for acceptancetesting
35、.A1.3 Pile ThicknessA1.3.1 Pile thickness is a technical term used to describe themeasurement of thickness of pile yarn which can be shearedfrom the backing of a carpet.A1.3.2 Pile thickness is the preferred procedure for preci-sion measurement of level pile carpets, whether loop, cut andloop or cut
36、 pile carpets with a tuft height of less than 0.25 in.(6 mm). Although it is more complex, it is very repeatablebetween different technicians and laboratories. It involves theuse of a thickness measuring instrument which measuresthickness of materials between a platen and a circular foot ofspecified
37、 area under a specified force. In measuring carpet withthis device, the total thickness of pile and backing is measured,the pile sheared away, and the backing only measured. Pilethickness is the difference between the two values. Theprocedure is complicated by remaining stubble which cannotbe sheare
38、d.A1.4 Tuft HeightA1.4.1 Tuft height, as described in this test method, is alaboratory procedure typically used for cut pile constructions,which is very repeatable. Ten tufts are severed from thebacking with a cutting device, placed into a V-shaped groove ina specimen holder, covered with a clear pl
39、ate, and measuredwith a precision scale.A1.4.2 Tuft height is not applicable to cut pile constructionswith tuft heights less than 0.25 in. (6 mm) due to the problemsassociated with mounting a tuft of this length in the groovedspecimen holder. For this construction, pile thickness shall beperformed.
40、Refer to Test Method D5823.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PREPARING SPECIMENS OF MEASURED AREAX1.1 Three procedures for obtaining specimens of mea-sured area may be used. The following procedures are distin-guished by the apparatus employed. The choice of proceduredepends primarily on the cos
41、t of preparing specimens.X1.2 Procedure No. 1:X1.2.1 Scale or Tape, metal, graduated in 0.01 in. (2 mm),and at least 10 % longer than the test specimen dimensions.X1.2.2 Pen, felt tip.X1.2.3 Straight Edge, steel, 0.06 to 0.08 in. (1.5 to 2.0 mm)thick, at least 10 % longer than the test specimen dime
42、nsions,and having a row of pins projecting approximately 0.15 in. (3.8mm) from one face at intervals of approximately 2.0 in. (50mm) along its centerline.D6859 184X1.2.4 Razor Knife, having a blade about 0.02 in. (0.5 mm)thick.X1.2.5 Scissors, sharp.X1.3 Test Specimen Cutting:X1.3.1 Place the test s
43、ample pile down on a flat surface,measure and mark the boundaries of the test specimens on theback using the scale, straight edge, and pen.X1.3.2 Cut just through the backing with the razor knifeguided by the straight edge, following the ink markings. Holdthe plane of the razor knife perpendicular t
44、o the back of the testsample. Separate each test specimen from the test sample usingscissors to cut away loops connected to the remainder of thetest sample.X1.4 Procedure No 2:X1.4.1 Apparatus:X1.4.1.1 Template, steel, 0.06 to 0.08 in. (1.5 to 2.0 mm)thick, having dimensions 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) less t
45、han the testspecimen dimensions specified in the test method, and havinga pin projecting approximately 0.15 in. (3.8 mm) from one facein each corner 0.25 in. (6 mm) in from the sides of the corner.Two such templates are illustrated in Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.X1.4.1.2 Razor Knife, having a blade about 0.
46、02 in. (0.5mm) thick.X1.4.1.3 Scissors, sharp.X1.4.2 Test Specimen Cutting:X1.4.2.1 Place the conditioned sample face down on a flatsurface. Place the template on the back of the test sample.X1.4.2.2 Cut just through the backing with the razor knifeguided by the edge of the template. Hold the plane
47、of the razorknife perpendicular to the back of the test sample. Separate thetest specimen from the test specimen using scissors to cut awayloops connected to the remainder of the sample.X1.4.3 Procedure No. 3:X1.4.3.1 Apparatus:X1.4.3.1.1 Clicking Dye, steel, having dimensions specifiedin test metho
48、d.X1.4.3.1.2 Die Clicking Machine, with cutting block.X1.4.3.2 Calibration of Clicking DieAfter eachsharpening, die cut a piece of cardboard and measure thedimensions of the specimen. The area computed from thesedimensions should be within 1 % of the area specified in thetest method.X1.4.4 Test Spec
49、imen Cutting:X1.4.4.1 Place the sample pile side up on the cutting blockof the clicking machine. Brush pile surface by hand toward themiddle of the area to be included in the specimen.X1.4.4.2 Place the die on the face of the test sample with thelonger sides parallel to the lengthwise direction of the floorcovering, unless otherwise specified in the test method.X1.4.4.3 Activate the clicking machine, remove the testsample remnant from around the die. Remove the specimenfrom the die and discard any loose fiber.FIG. X1.1 Template for 2.5 by 10 in. (64 by 250 mm) SpecimenD6859 1
