1、Designation:D689011b Designation:D689012 Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber 1, 2 This standard is issued under the xed designation D6890; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon ( ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope* 1.1 This automated laboratory test
3、method covers the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oil, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of ASTM Specication D
4、975 grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517 and 3.6-2000.The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel blending components. 1.2 This test met
5、hod measures the ignition delay and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed air. An equation correlates an ignition delay determination to cetane number by Test Method D613, resulting in a derived cetane number (DCN). 1.3This1.3 This test meth
6、od covers the ignition delay range from 3.1 to 6.5 ms (64 to 33 DCN). The combustion analyzer can measureshorterandlongerignitiondelays,butprecisionmaybeaffected.Fortheseshorterorlongerignitiondelaysthecorrelation equation for DCN is given inAppendix X2.There is no information about how DCNs outside
7、 the 33 to 64 range compare toTest Method D613 cetane numbers. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
8、is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil D975 Specication for Die
9、sel Fuel Oils D1193 Specication for Reagent Water D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products D5854 Practice for Mixing and
10、 Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement System Performance D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petr
11、oleum Products and Lubricants D6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement of ExpectedAgreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics 2.2 ISO Standards: 4 ISO 4010 Diesel EnginesCalibrating Noz
12、zle, Delay Pintle Type 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics. Current edition approved Dec.June 1, 2011.2012. Published December 2011.July 2012. Orig
13、inally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D689011ab. DOI: 10.1520/D6890-11B.10.1520/D6890-12. 2 This test method is based on IP PM CQ/2001, published in the IP Standard Methods forAnalysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and British Standard 2000 Parts. Copyrig
14、hted by Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London, W1G 7AR, UK. Adapted with permission of Energy Institute. 3 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard
15、s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 4 Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th oor, New York, NY 10036. 1 This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the pre
16、vious version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *A Summary of
17、Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ISO 4259 Petroleum productsDetermination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test 2.3 EN Standard: EN 590 Aut
18、omotive FuelsDieselRequirements and Test Methods 5 2.4 Energy Institute Standard: IP 41 Ignition Quality of Diesel FuelsCetane Engine Test Method 6 2.5 Canadian Standards: CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 Automotive Low Sulfur Diesel FuelSpecication 7 CAN/CGSB 3.6-2000 Automotive Diesel FuelSpecication 7 3. Term
19、inology 3.1 Denitions: 3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), nvalue that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientic principles, ( 2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of some national or international
20、 organization, such as the U.S. National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientic or engineering group. E456 3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, accepted reference value is under
21、stood to apply to the ignition delay of specic reference materials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborative experimental work. 3.1.2 cetane number (CN), na measure of the ignition performance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to reference fuels in a standardized engin
22、e test. D4175 3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, cetane number is that dened by Test Method D613/IP 41. 3.1.3 check standard, nin QC testing, material having an accepted reference value used to determine the accuracy of a measurement system. D6299 3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn the context
23、of this test method, check standard refers to heptane. 3.1.4 qualitycontrol(QC)sample,nforuseinqualityassuranceprogramstodetermineandmonitortheprecisionandstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneous material having physical or chemical properties, or both, similar to those of typical
24、 samples tested by the analytical measurement system. The material is properly stored to ensure sample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity for repeated, long term testing. D6299 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 calibration reference material, npure chemical having
25、 an assigned ignition delay accepted reference value. 3.2.2 charge air, ncompressed air at a specied pressure introduced to the combustion chamber at the beginning of each test cycle. 3.2.3 charge air temperature, ntemperature, in C, of the air inside the combustion chamber. 3.2.4 combustion analyze
26、r, nintegrated compression ignition apparatus to measure the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil. 3.2.5 derived cetane number (DCN), na number calculated using a conversion equation to determine a cetane number. 3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe conversion equation relates a measured ignition delay or i
27、gnition delay and combustion delay from a combustion analyzer to a cetane number. 3.2.6 ignition delay (ID), nthat period of time, in milliseconds (ms), between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion as determined using the specic combustion analyzer applicable for this test method.
28、 3.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, start of fuel injection is interpreted as the initial movement or lift of the injector nozzle needle as measured by a motion sensor; start of combustion is interpreted as that point in the combustion cycle when a signicant and sustained increase
29、 in rate-of-change in pressure, as measured by a pressure sensor in the combustion chamber, ensures combustion is in progress. 3.2.7 operating period, nthe time, not to exceed 12 h, between successive calibration or QC testing, or both, of the combustion analyzer by a single operator. 3.3 Abbreviati
30、ons: 3.3.1 ARVaccepted reference value. 3.3.2 CNcetane number. 3.3.3 DCNderived cetane number. 3.3.4 IDignition delay. 3.3.5 QCquality control. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 A small specimen of diesel fuel oil is injected into a heated, temperature-controlled constant volume chamber, which has previ
31、ously been charged with compressed air. Each injection produces a single-shot, compression ignition combustion cycle. ID 5 Available from European Committee for Standardization. Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. 6 Available from Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavend
32、ish St., London, W1G 7AR, U.K. 7 Available from the Canadian General Standards Board, Gatineau, Canada, K1A 1G6. D689012 2is measured using sensors that detect the start of fuel injection and the start of signicant combustion for each cycle.Acomplete sequence comprises 15 preliminary cycles and 32 f
33、urther cycles. The ID measurements for the last 32 cycles are averaged to produce the ID result. An equation converts the ID result to cetane number by Test Method D613. 5. Signicance and Use 5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristi
34、cs of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. 5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petroleum reners and marketers, and in commerce as a specication aid to relate or match fuels and engines. 5.3 TherelationshipofdieselfueloilDCNdeterminationstotheperformanceoffull-scale,variabl
35、e-speed,variable-loaddiesel engines is not completely understood. 5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It is recognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels in full-scale engines is not completely understood. The user is therefore cautioned to investigate the suitability
36、 of ignition characteristic measurements for predicting performance in full-scale engines for these types of fuels. 5.5 Thistestdeterminesignitioncharacteristicsandrequiresasampleofapproximately100mLandatesttimeofapproximately 20 min on a t-for-use instrument. 6. Interferences 6.1 Minimize exposure
37、of sample fuels, calibration reference materials, QC samples, and check standard to sunlight or uorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemical reactions that can affect ignition delay measurements. 8 6.1.1 Exposure of these fuels and materials to UV wavelengths shorter than 550 nanometers
38、for a short period of time may signicantly affect ignition delay measurements. NOTE 1The formation of peroxide and radicals can effect ignition delay measurement.These formations are minimized when the sample or material is stored in the dark in a cold room at a temperature of less than 10C, and cov
39、ered by a blanket of nitrogen. 6.2 Statistical analysis of data from a sequential testing study (Note 2) revealed a possible carryover effect in succeeding tests on samples containing 2ethylhexylnitrate cetane improver at concentrations above 2000 ppm. NOTE 2In the sequential testing study, a fuel w
40、ithout cetane improver was tested three times back-to-back. Then a fuel with 2ethylhexylnitrate cetane improver at concentrations above 2000 ppm was tested. Subsequently, the same fuel without cetane improver was tested three times. Statistical analyses of repeat data on two units were examined for
41、evidence of hysteresis. 7. Apparatus 7.1 GeneralThis test method uses an integrated automated analytical measurement system 9 comprised of: (1) a constant volumecompressionignitioncombustionchamberwithexternalelectricalheatingelements,suitableinsulationandpneumatically actuated intake and exhaust va
42、lves, (2) a heated, pneumatically actuated fuel injection system 10 with pump, injector nozzle assembly, and associated sample reservoir, (3) a coolant system with a liquid-to-air heat exchanger, lter, circulating pump and ow control valves, (4) temperature thermocouples, pressure gages and sensors,
43、 an injector nozzle needle motion sensor, compressed gas pressure regulators, control valves, pneumatic actuator components, and solenoid valves, and (5) a computer to control test sequencing, acquire and accumulate sensor signal data, provide processing calculations, and automatically output a prin
44、ted report of some important test parameters (see Fig. 1). 7.2 See Annex A2, Combustion Analyzer Equipment Description and Specications, for detailed information. 7.3 Compressed Gas Pressure Regulators: 7.3.1 ChargeAir Regulator,atwo-stageregulatorcapableofcontrollingthedownstreampressuretoaminimump
45、ressureof2.2 MPa. 7.3.2 Actuator Utility Compressed Air Regulator, a two-stage regulator capable of controlling the downstream pressure to a minimum pressure of 1.3 MPa. 7.3.3 Fuel Reservoir Utility Compressed Nitrogen Regulator, a single or two-stage regulator capable of controlling the downstream
46、pressure to a minimum pressure of 350 kPa. 7.4 Auxiliary Apparatus: 7.4.1 Diesel Fuel Oil Sample Filter, a single-use glass ber, polytetrauorethylene (PTFE), or nylon lter with a nominal pore size of 3 to 5 micrometers (m) for use with a glass syringe. 7.4.2 Syringe, a glass syringe of a minimum vol
47、ume of 100mL. 8 Supporting data have been led at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1502. 9 The sole source of supply of the combustion analyzer known to the committee at this time isAdvanced Engine Technology Ltd. (AET), 17 Fitzgerald Road, Suit
48、e 102, Ottawa,Canada,K2H9G1.Ifyouareawareofalternativesuppliers,pleaseprovidethisinformationtoASTMInternationalHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. 10 Thefuelinjectionsystemiscoveredbyapatent.Interestedpa
49、rtiesareinvitedtosubmitinformationregardingtheidenticationofanalternative(s)tothispatenteditem to the ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. D689012 38. Reagents and Materials 8.1 Calibration Reference Materials: 8.1.1 Heptane (n-heptane), with a minimum purity of 99.5 volume percent. The assigned ID ARV for this material is 3.78 ms. (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful. Vapor may cause ash re.) 8.1.2
