1、Designation: D 6894 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automotive Diesel Engine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6894; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outsid
3、e assistance, can use the procedure described inthis test method. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides reference oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives r
4、esults statistically similar to those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such arequirement in connection with several Army engine lu
5、bricating oil specifications.Accordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of informa
6、tion letters issued by the TMC. In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method. For other information, refer tothe research report for this test method.31. Scope1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate an engineoils resistance to aeration in automotive diesel engine
7、 service.It is commonly referred to as the Engine Oil Aeration Test(EOAT). The test is conducted using a specified 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engine on a dynamometer teststand. This test method was developed as a replacement forTest Method D 892 after it was determined that this ben
8、ch testdid not correlate with oil aeration in actual service. The EOATwas first included in API Service Category CG-4 in 1995.NOTE 1Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil perfor-mance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision ofSpecification D 4485.1.2 The value
9、s stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionWhere there is no direct SI equivalent, forexample, screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, andtubing size.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
10、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Docum
11、ents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Reagents and Materials 7Preparation of Apparatus 8Calibration 9Test Procedure 10Determination of Test Results 11Report 12Precision and Bias 131This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Prod
12、ucts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.02 on Heavy Duty Engine Oils.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 689403.2ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue,
13、Pittsburgh, PA152006-4489.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1379.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Keywords 14Engine System Draw
14、ings Annex A12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fr
15、omPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 287 Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 5
16、24 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubri-cating OilsD 1250 Guide for Use of the Petrol
17、eum MeasurementTablesD 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test
18、Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4485 Specification for Performance of Engine OilsD 4737 Test Method
19、for Calculated Cetane Index by FourVariable EquationD 5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)5D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils inTwo-Stroke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA DieselEngineD 6082 Test Method for High Temperature Fo
20、aming Char-acteristics of Lubricating OilsD 6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust PreventiveCharacteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD 6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135CE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Spe
21、cificationsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 SAE Standard:6J 304 Engine Oil Tests2.3 API Standard:7API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment as
22、sociatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D 65943.1.2 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output ofa measuring device with respect to that of a standard.3.1.3 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have theperformance characteristics nec
23、essary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specification. D 58443.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between the moving parts within an engine; removes heatparticularly from the underside of pistons; and serves ascombustion gas sealant for the pis
24、ton rings.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming are examples.D 58623.1.5 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed inor on the surface of a liquid in which the ai
25、r or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis. D 60823.1.6 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output andinternal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.D 44853.1.7 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion en-gines,
26、one that is designed to allow operation continuously ator close to its peak output. D 44853.1.8 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, betweenthem. D 58623.1.9 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil; such as a research formu
27、lation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D 58443.1.10 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D 58443.1.11 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablished procedure. D 65573.1.12 used oil, nany oil that has been in a piece ofequipme
28、nt (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, orturbine), whether operated or not. D 41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v
29、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.6Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. This standard is no
30、t available separately. Eitherorder the SAE Handbook Vol. 3 or the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Standards ManualHS-23.7Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.D68940823.2.1 aeration, nin liquids, the action of impregnatingwith air
31、 that forms foam bubbles in or on the surface of a liquidor is entrained as a dispersion in that liquid.3.2.2 flush, nthe action of cleaning out the engine oilsystem using new test oil to remove any residues as well as tominimize possible carryover effect from the previous test oil.3.2.3 HEUI, nhydr
32、aulically-actuated, electronically-controlled, unit injector.84. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test engine is a 1994 unit built by InternationalTruck and Engine Corporation9(Model No.A215). This engineis equipped with the HEUI fuel system.8It is installed in a fullyinstrumented test cell.4.2 The tes
33、t sequence consists of a five-step, warm-upperiod followed by a one-step evaluation period for 20 h atmaximum power.4.3 Aerated oil samples are taken after 1 h, 5 h, and 20 h andthe percent oil aeration is calculated from the initial volumeand the final volume after sitting undisturbed for 30 min.5.
34、 Significance and Use5.1 BackgroundIn the HEUI fuel system, the engine oilfrom the oil sump not only lubricates the engine, it alsosupplies a high-pressure oil system that takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it up to 20.7 MPa in a plunger pump(see Fig. A1.1). This oil is used to operate u
35、nit injectors that,when used in combination with intensifiers, increase the fuelinjection pressure up to 145 MPa, independent of engine speed.The electronic controls permit varied injection timing andduration to provide optimum fuel economy and emissions. Thissystem may, however, circulate all the o
36、il in the sump inapproximately 8 s; as a consequence, aeration of the oil canoccur with some engine oils. International determined that 8 %oil aeration was the limit beyond which engine operation andperformance would be impaired in actual service.5.1.1 Prior to 1994, the ability of an engine lubrica
37、nt toresist aeration was measured by Test Method D 892. Duringthe development of the API CG-4 category in 1994, however,it was found10that this bench test did not correlate withaeration in the International T 444E engine. The EOAT wasdeveloped, therefore, to provide a better measurement of theabilit
38、y of a lubricant to resist aeration during engine operation.This test has been included in API CG-4, CH-4, and CI-4categories for heavy-duty diesel engine oils.5.2 MethodThe data obtained from the use of this testmethod provide a comparative index of the aeration resistanceof engine oils used in med
39、ium- and heavy-duty truck dieselengines.5.3 UseThe tendency of engine oils to aerate in direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engines is influenced by avariety of factors, including engine oil formulation variables,oil temperature, sump design and capacity, residence time ofthe oil in the sump, and
40、the design of the pressurized oilsystems. In some engine-oil-activated injection systems, theresidence time of the oil in the sump is insufficient to allowdissipation of aeration from the oil. As a consequence, aeratedoil can be circulated to the injector intensifiers, adverselyaffecting the injecti
41、on timing characteristics and engine opera-tion.6. Apparatus6.1 Test EngineThe test engine11,12is an International1994, 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged, V-8, diesel engine,rated at 160 kW at 3000 rpm. The engine model number isA215. The engine arrangement is shown in Figs.A1.2 andA1.3and the lu
42、brication system in Fig. A1.4. This engine isequipped with the HEUI fuel system (see 5.1 and Fig. A1.1).Details of the engine are documented in the International T444E Diesel Engine Service Manual for Truck ApplicationForm EGES-121 dated April 2002.13The engine serial numbercarries the designation 7
43、.4JU2UXXXXXX. The test engine isinstalled in a fully instrumented test cell.6.1.1 Engine ModificationInstall a14 in. male nationalpipe thread (NPT) stainless steel hex nipple12,14in the threadedoutlet on the right (passenger) side of the engines high-pressure oil reservoir. Install a14 in. female NP
44、T inlet andoutlet, stainless steel, ball-valve onto the hex nipple with theflow arrow facing away from the reservoir. Install a14 in. maleNPT to male No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 flare stainless steel adapterfitting in the downstream side of the ball valve. Make up apolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined, stain
45、less steel braid, No.4 hose, with female swivel No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 female flarefittings on each end. The overall line length should beapproximately 115 cm. Modify a male No. 4 SAE(JIC) 37flare to14 in. fractional tube female compression adapter fittingso that there is a 0.394 mm orifice through the
46、fitting. Insert a37.5 cm long,14 in. thin-wall, steel, fractional tube (this is tobe the sample wand) into the female compression adapter andtighten. For safety, install an insulating handle around the steeltube to avoid being burned while holding the wand.6.2 Power AbsorptionInstall a 186 kW eddy-c
47、urrent ab-sorption dynamometer in the test cell.6.3 AerationThe HEUI system takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it in a plunger pump up to 20.7 MPa.The arrangement is shown in Fig. A1.1. The pressurized oiloperates unit injectors that increase the fuel pressure up to 145MPa with the help
48、of intensifiers (see Fig.A1.5). The electroniccontrols permit varied injection timing and duration to provideoptimum fuel economy and emissions. As shown in Table 1,8Glassey, S. F, Stockner, A. R., and Flinn, M .A., “HEUIA New Direction forDiesel Engine Fuel System,” SAE Publication 930270; Hower, M
49、. J., Mueller, R.A.,Oehlerking, D. A., and Zielke, M. R., “The New Navistar T444E Direct-InjectionTurbocharged Diesel Engine,” SAE Publication 930269.9Hereinafter referred to as International, which is the trademark of theInternational Truck and Engine Corporation.10McGeehan et al., “The Worlds First Diesel Engine Oil Category for Use withLow-Sulfur Fuel: API CG-4,” SAE Publication 981371.11The sole source of supply of the engine known to the committee at this timeis Franklin Power Products, 400 North Forsythe St., Franklin, IN 46131.12If you are
