1、Designation: D6907 05 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forSampling Soils and Contaminated Media with Hand-Operated Bucket Augers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6907; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipmentused to collect surface and subsurface soil and
3、 contaminatedmedia samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operatedbucket auger (hereafter referred to as a bucket auger; some-times referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucketaugers exist and are designed for sampling various types ofsoil. All bucket augers collect disturbed samples,
4、 but bucketaugers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depthand then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relativelyundisturbed sample.1.2 This practice does not cover the use of large (12-in. orgreater diameter) bucket augers mechanically operated by largedrill rigs or similar equipme
5、nt, such as those described inPractice D1452, section 3.2.4.1.3 The term bucket auger is used to differentiate this typeof hand operated auger from others of the solid or hollow stemtypes that are also hand held or operated.1.4 This practice does not address sampling objectives (seePractice D5792),
6、general sample planning (see Guide D4687),sampling design (for example, where to collect samples andwhat depth to sample see Guide D6044), sampling forvolatile organic compounds (see Guide D4547), equipmentcleaning and decontamination (see Practice D5088), samplehandling after collection such as com
7、positing and subsampling(see Guide D6051), and sample preservation. For informationon other types of augers, see Practice D1452 and Guide D4700.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
8、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic Com
9、poundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality
10、Control Planning and ImplementationD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD6044 Guide for
11、 Representative Sampling for Managementof Waste and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivitiesD6282 Guide for Direct
12、 Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ-mental Site Characterization3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept where noted, all terms and symbolsin this practice are in accordance with the following publica-tions. In order of co
13、nsideration they are:3.1.1 Terminology D5681 for Waste and WasteManagement,3.1.2 Compilation of ASTM Standard Terminology, and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edit
14、ion approved Oct. 15, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6907 05 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D6907-05R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 Websters New Collegiate Dictionary.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Typically, bucket
16、 augers are tubular devices with cuttingbits on the bottom that are pushed and twisted into the mediaand removed when the tubular “bucket” section is full. Theborehole is advanced one bucket at a time. The practical depthof investigation using a bucket auger is related to the materialbeing sampled.4
17、.2 When a sampling interval starting at the surface is to besampled, the same auger can be used to collect all materials tothe bottom of the interval. However, if discrete grab samplesare to be collected to characterize multiple depths or a depthinterval commences below the surface, a clean bucket a
18、ugershould be used to collect the sample. The top material in abucket should generally be discarded to minimize chances ofcross-contamination of the sample from material that sloughsfrom the borehole wall.4.3 All augers collect disturbed samples that are generallynot suitable for analysis of volatil
19、e organic compounds.NOTE 1Bucket augers may be used to obtain samples of materialscontaining volatile organic compounds for field screening purposes. Acore or tube type sampler can be pushed into undisturbed soil at thebottom of an augered hole to collect a relatively undisturbed samplesuitable for
20、chemical analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 Bucket augers are relatively inexpensive, readilyavailable, available in different types depending on the mediato be sampled, and most can be easily operated by one person.They collect a reasonably cylindrical but disturbed sample ofsurface or subsurface
21、soil or waste. They are generally notsuited for sampling gravelly or coarser soil and are unsuitablefor sampling rock.5.2 Bucket augers are commonly used equipment becausethey are inexpensive to operate, especially compared to pow-ered equipment (that is, direct push and drill rigs). Whenevaluated a
22、gainst screw augers, bucket augers generally collectlarger samples with less chance of mixing with soil fromshallow depths because the sample is retained within the augerbarrel. Bucket augers are commonly used to depths of3mbuthave been used to much greater depths depending upon the soilor waste cha
23、racteristics. The sampling depth is limited by theforce required to rotate the auger and the depth at which theborehole collapses (unless bore casings or liners are used).5.3 Bucket augers may not be suitable for the collection ofsamples for determination of volatile organic compoundsbecause the sam
24、ple is disturbed during the collection process,which may lead to losses resulting in a chemically unrepresen-tative sample.6. Apparatus6.1 Bucket Augers:6.1.1 Bucket augers for soil sampling generally consist of atubular auger head with cutting bits, an extension rod or rods,and a “T” handle (see Fi
25、g. 1). The auger is rotated using the“T” handle until the bucket is full, the device retrieved andemptied, and the process repeated.6.1.2 The advantages and disadvantages of bucket augersare listed in Table 1.6.1.3 Bucket augers are generally available with tungstencarbide hard surface carbon steel
26、bits, stainless steel cylinderand carbon steel bail (shank), or in all stainless steel (see Fig.1). Several types of bucket augers are described below. In use,bits should be kept sharp for efficient sampling.6.1.4 Regular Bucket AugerUsed for ordinary soil andwaste sampling and for creating a pilot
27、hole from whichsubsequent undisturbed core samples can be collected at depthusing a core sampler. (See Fig. 2a).6.1.5 Sand Bucket AugerDesigned for use in extremelydry, sandy soils. The bits are specially formed to retain loosesand by being close together (see Fig. 2b).6.1.6 Mud Bucket AugerFeatures
28、 an open cylinder designto facilitate easier removal of heavy, wet soil or clayey soilsamples. Bits are spaced further apart than the regular auger toease entry of sticky soils (see Fig. 2c).FIG. 1 Bucket AugerTABLE 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bucket AugersAdvantages Disadvantages1. Inexpensiv
29、e to purchase andoperate.2. Readily available.3. Operable by one or two people.4. Available in a variety of typessuitable for a wide variety of soiltypes.5. Larger volumes of soil obtainedcompared to hand-held tubesamplers.6. Collect a reasonably cylindrical(representative) sample.7. Depending upon
30、soilcharacteristics and the auger,samples may be collected at depthsof 3 m or more.1. Samples from lower depths canbe contaminated by cave-in orsloughing of bore walls.2. Samples are disturbed so it isdifficult to generate an accurate soilprofile.3. Samples are generally notsuitable for quantitative
31、determination of volatile organiccompounds due to disturbance.4. Sampling depth generally limitedto 1-2 m.5. Metal from bucket augers maycontaminate samples (stainlesspreferred for trace elementsampling.6. Extraction of samples fromclosed bucket types is cumbersome,and decontamination more difficult
32、than for screw augers.7. Sampling in or below a watertable is difficult.D6907 05 (2016)26.1.7 The Planer AugerUsed to remove loose materialfrom the bottom of an augered hole, prior to core sampling. Itmay also be used to collect samples of solid materials from thebottom of drums and tanks (see Fig.
33、2d).6.1.8 Dutch AugerDesigned to make it an excellent toolfor collection of samples in heavily rooted, fibrous or swampyareas (see Fig. 2e).6.1.9 OtherOther types of augers include the EijkelkampStonyAuger for gravelly soils, the Post-Hole or IwanAuger forcohesive soft or hard soils, and augers with
34、 reusable liners andclosed tops to reduce contamination from sloughing sidewalls.7. Presampling7.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (see Practice D5283 and Guide D4687)and in accordance with the Data Quality Objectives (seePractice D5792). The plan should includ
35、e a worker health andsafety plan and safety section due to the hazards of samplingcontaminated media.7.2 Field personnel should be trained or be knowledgeablein the sampling procedures.7.3 The type of auger(s) needed for sampling the site shouldbe determined and obtained; see 6.1 through 6.1.9 for a
36、vailabletypes. All needed equipment and supplies (including pre-cleaned sample containers suitable for the analytes of interest)should be assembled and transported to the field site beforesampling commences. Multiple augers should be taken to thesite if field decontamination between sampling events
37、is notplanned.7.4 Sampling equipment should be cleaned prior to sam-pling (see Practice D5088).7.5 Schedules should be prepared to coordinate samplingwith staff, client, analytical laboratory, and regulatory agencies,if appropriate.7.6 A general site survey should be performed prior to siteentry in
38、accordance with the site-specific health and safetyplan.7.7 Sampling locations should be marked as specified in thework plan. If required, sampling locations may be adjusted andthe changes recorded in the field logbook. All samplinglocations should be checked for subsurface utilities prior tosamplin
39、g.8. Procedure38.1 Record all relevant information and observations aboutthe sample location.8.2 Clear the area to be sampled of any surface debris (forexample, twigs, rocks, and litter). It may be advisable toremove the first several centimeters of surface material (unlesssurface material is desire
40、d) within a radius of approximately 15cm of the drilling location.8.3 Begin augering by rotating the “T” handle in a clock-wise direction while pressing the auger into the soil. When thebucket is full remove and deposit accumulated waste onto aplastic sheet or tarp spread a short distance from the h
41、ole. Thisfacilitates refilling the borehole (if allowed), and it avoidspossible contamination of the surrounding area. If surface soilis to be sampled, the auger is advanced to the desired depth and3Compendium of ERT Soil Sampling and Subsurface Geophysics Procedures,EPA /540/P/91/006, SOP 2012, US
42、EPA, 1991.FIG. 2 Bucket Auger TypesD6907 05 (2016)3the cuttings deposited in a sample container or suitablecontainer for subsampling (see Guide D6051).8.4 If disturbed subsurface samples are to be collected,auger to the top of the desired depth interval and carefullyremove the auger. Carefully inser
43、t a clean auger, rotate theauger to collect the sample, and carefully remove auger tominimize contamination of the sample with borehole wallmaterial. Place the cuttings in a sample container or a containerfor subsampling. If sampling directly from the auger, discardthe upper portion of the sample th
44、at may contain material thatsloughed from the borehole wall. If a composite sample is to becollected, continue the process to the bottom of the desiredinterval. Representatively subsample the soil or waste (seeGuide D6051) and place the sample(s) in a suitable contain-er(s). Label and preserve all s
45、amples as appropriate, record thesampling activity, and transport the samples to the laboratoryfor analysis.8.5 Casing is required in unstable soils where the boreholecollapses. The inside diameter of the casing must be slightlylarger than the diameter of the auger being used. The casing isdriven to
46、 a depth not greater than the top of the next sample andmaterial inside the casing is removed with the auger. The augercan then be inserted into the borehole and turned below thebottom of the casing to obtain a sample or extend the borehole.If deep cased holes are necessary it may be better to consi
47、derother mechanical drilling (see Guide D6286) or direct pushmethods (see Guide D6282).8.6 If undisturbed subsurface samples are desired, auger tothe top of the interval to be sampled and carefully remove theauger. A planer auger can then be used to clean and level thebottom of the borehole. Lower a
48、 clean core-type sampler (seeD6232 for information on core samplers) to the bottom of theborehole without touching the borehole wall and graduallyforce the core tube into the soil or waste. Remove the samplerfrom the borehole, extrude and discard the apparently unrep-resentative material or the top
49、2.5 cm of the core (this mayrepresent material collected before penetration of the layer ofinterest), and extrude the remaining core into a sample con-tainer. Label the sample, preserve as necessary, and transportfor analysis. For samples to be analyzed for volatile organiccompounds, see the special sampling instructions in GuideD4547.8.7 Decontaminate the auger and other equipment in accor-dance with the protocol specified in the work plan (see PracticeD5088) before collecting the next sample and after the lastsample is collected.8.8 Generally, shallow holes can be bac
