1、Designation: D6911 03 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forPackaging and Shipping Environmental Samples forLaboratory Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6911; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides guidance on the selection ofprocedures for proper packaging and shipment of enviro
3、nmen-tal samples to the laboratory for analysis to ensure compliancewith appropriate regulatory programs and protection of sampleintegrity during shipment.1.2 This standard does not address transport of hazardouswastes for disposal purposes.1.3 This standard does not address the selection ofparamete
4、r-specific sample bottles or containers.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This guide cannot replace education or experienceand should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects
5、of this guide may be applicable in all circum-stances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this guide be appliedwithout consideration of the many unique aspects of a project.The word “s
6、tandard” in the title of this guide means only thatthe guide has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
7、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody
8、 ProceduresD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD5903 Guide for Planning and Preparing for a GroundwaterSampling EventD6089 Guide for Documenting a Ground-Water SamplingEventD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamples2.2 Shipping Regulations:International Air
9、 Transport Association (IATA) DangerousGoods Regulations, 43rd Edition, January 2002International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Regulationsfor the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, Section 10,Publication IAEA TS-R-1International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) TechnicalInstructions for the Sa
10、fe Transport of Dangerous Goods byAir, Document #9284-AN/905U.S. Government Printing Office, Title 40 Code of FederalRegulations Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA), Part 261U.S. Government Printing Office, Title 49 Code of FederalRegulations Transportation (DOT), Parts 170-174U.S. Postal S
11、ervice, Hazardous, Restricted and PerishableMail USPS Publication 523. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 carriera commercial company that is responsiblefor the actual shipment of environmental samples from thepoint of sample receipt from the shipper to the samples f
12、inaldestination.3.1.2 dangerous goodsthose goods that meet the criteriaof one or more of nine United Nations (UN) hazard classesand, where applicable, one of three UN packaging groupsaccording to the provisions of shipping regulations.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soi
13、l and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D691103. DOI:10.1520/D6911-03R10.2For referenced ASTM
14、 standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
15、ken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 environmental samplecontainerized liquids, solidsor gases that are collected for the purpose of laboratoryanalysis.3.1.4 inner packagingpackaging for which an outer pack-age is required for transport (for example, a sample bottle orcontainer).3.1.5 outer packa
16、gingthe outer protection of a compositeor combination packaging together with any absorbent mate-rials, cushioning and any other components necessary tocontain and protect sample bottles or inner packaging.3.1.6 shipperthe person who actually packages and pre-sents environmental samples to a commerc
17、ial carrier forshipment or who personally transports samples. The shipper iscommonly the person who collected the environmentalsamples.3.1.7 shippingthe commercial or private transport of en-vironmental samples via highway, rail, vessel or aircraft.4. Significance and Use4.1 This standard provides g
18、uidance in determining themost appropriate procedures for packaging and shipping envi-ronmental samples. Use of this guide by personnel involved inpackaging and shipping environmental samples will facilitatesafe, effective and compliant procedures.5. Regulatory Requirements5.1 The shipment of many e
19、nvironmental samples fallsunder the jurisdiction of national and standardized internationalregulations whenever samples exhibit one or more propertiesthat classify the samples as being dangerous or hazardous. Notall environmental samples, however, satisfy the criteria forbeing classified as dangerou
20、s or hazardous substances. Thesesamples can be packaged and shipped as non-regulated ornon-hazardous environmental samples.5.2 It is the shippers responsibility to determine whichregulations apply to the environmental samples requiringshipment. This determination must be made prior to samplecollecti
21、on to ensure compliance with shipping regulations atthe conclusion of sample collection. The primary sources ofshipping regulations that can apply to environmental samplesinclude the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), theInternational Air Transport Association (IATA), and the U.S.Postal Servic
22、e (USPS). DOT regulations govern transport ofsamples by water, rail, roadway and air; IATA regulationsgovern air transport of samples; USPS regulates both groundand air delivery of samples through the U.S. Postal System.Other agencies such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) (restrictions on
23、 interstate shipment of soil samples toprevent the spread of biological contaminants), The Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (transport of radioactivematerials by air), the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) (shipment of the dangerous goods by air). The Inter-national Maritime
24、Dangerous Goods Code (shipment by ves-sel) may also need to be considered. Sample shippers must alsobe aware of the potential for restrictions on shipping samples atboth the state and local levels. Shippers should contact stateand local agencies to determine any shipping restrictions.5.3 Should dang
25、erous or hazardous samples be shippedusing methods not in full compliance with applicable regula-tory requirements, the following penalties can be assessed tothe shipper:5.3.1 Refusal to deliver the environmental samples to theirintended destination, which can result in sample integrity beingcomprom
26、ised, chain-of-custody being broken, or sample hold-ing times being exceeded;5.3.2 Assessment of financial penalties which can be severe;and/or5.3.3 Imprisonment for blatant illegal shipment of danger-ous or hazardous substances.6. Procedures for Packaging and ShippingEnvironmental Samples6.1 Planni
27、ngAs indicated in Guide D5903, the Samplingand Analysis Plan (SAP) for a project will specify the numberof samples to be collected for each medium being sampled (forexample, soil, ground-water, surface water, soil gas, sedimentand corresponding quality control samples). This SAP will alsoinclude a d
28、iscussion on the need to plan for the appropriatenumber, size(s), and type(s) of outer packaging based on thenumber and sizes of sample containers to be filled and to planfor adequate space in outer packaging to accommodate innerpacking materials and temperature controls. The SAP willspecify the ana
29、lyses to be performed on each sample andshould also indicate the type of sample bottle or container andvolume required for each analyte. The SAP should also provideguidance on selection of the methods for sample packaging andshipment of samples to the laboratory for analysis whendangerous or hazardo
30、us samples are anticipated.6.2 Regulatory Responsibilities of the ShipperThe sampleshipper is responsible for ensuring that all environmentalsamples are packaged, labeled, and marked in a manner that isconsistent with applicable shipping regulations. Failure to doso puts the shipper at risk of the p
31、enalties discussed in 5.3.6.3 Determination of Dangerous or Hazardous Propertiesof Environmental Samples:6.3.1 Prior to collection of environmental samples, it isnecessary to determine the hazard class of a sample. If this isunknown, the shipper must use best professional judgment todetermine the po
32、tential for samples to exhibit one or morehazardous characteristics (for example, through backgroundresearch review, interviews and review of purchasing anddisposal records) and to determine the appropriate degree ofdanger associated with those hazardous properties as definedby applicable shipping r
33、egulations (see Note 1). Table 1summarizes the nine United Nations (UN) hazard classes thatare defined within shipping regulations and provides threeexamples of environmental samples that might meet the criteriaof a given hazard class. Table 2 summarizes the degree ofhazard associated with dangerous
34、 goods being shipped asdefined by applicable shipping regulations.NOTE 1Dangerous or hazardous properties of environmental samplesare as defined specifically by shipping regulations. Definitions developedfor use under other regulatory programs may be substantially different andare not applicable. Fo
35、r example, a corrosive liquid under IATA definitionis “a substance which, in the event of leakage, can cause severe damageby chemical action when in contact with living tissue or can materiallyD6911 03 (2010)2damage other freight or the means of transportation.” This is determinedthrough a series of
36、 intact skin tissue exposure tests and/or corrosive testson steel or aluminum for defined exposure periods. Under the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a corrosive liquid is defined asa liquid with a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5,as determined by a pH meter
37、using Method 9090.NOTE 2In a letter dated April 11, 1979, the Associate Director forHazardous Materials Regulation of the Research and Special ProgramsAdministration granted exception to the DOT hazardous materials regu-lations for water samples containing the corrosives: hydrochloric acid,mercuric
38、chloride, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide andphosphoric acid. The listed corrosives include the preservatives com-monly used in water samples. This exception was revalidated in a letterissued on December 13, 1993 and again in a letter dated February 14,1997. This exception may not apply
39、 in other shipping regulations.6.3.1.1 When the actual hazard class of a sample is un-known, the most conservative packaging group possible for thechosen shipping name must be used. Refer to 6.4.1 forguidance on choosing the appropriate shipping name.6.3.2 It is possible that environmental samples m
40、ay notexhibit a dangerous or hazardous property and, as such, may bepackaged and shipped as a non-regulated sample using meth-ods described in 6.5 and 6.6. Other packaging and shippingguidance is provided in Practices D4220, D5079, and D6517.6.3.3 The shipper must make the determination of samplehaz
41、ard prior to collection to ensure that an appropriate carrierhas been selected to transport samples to the laboratory and toensure that appropriate packaging materials are available in thefield at the time of sample preparation for shipping.6.4 Determination of Proper Shipping Name and UN Num-ber fo
42、r Dangerous or Hazardous Samples:6.4.1 Once the shipper has determined that an environmen-tal sample does or will likely exhibit one or more hazardouscharacteristics, the shipper must select the “proper shippingname” for the sample as defined by the regulations under whichthe sample is to be shipped
43、 (see Table 3). These shippingnames are standard names used in the shipping industry toidentify the dangerous article or substance on the outside of thepackage and on the “Shippers Declaration for DangerousGoods” and are not names created at random by the shipper. Todetermine the proper shipping nam
44、e for each environmentalsample, the shipper must refer to the shipping regulations thatwill be followed directly. It is possible for there to be more thanone shipping name. The selected shipping name must accu-rately reflect the chemical, physical or biological characteris-tics of the sample being s
45、hipped and must not include a Tradename.6.4.2 When selecting the proper shipping name, the shippermust consider:6.4.2.1 The dangerous or hazardous property of the sample,6.4.2.2 If the sample is classified as a solid (for example,soil or sediment), liquid (for example, ground-water or surfacewater)
46、or gas (for example, soil gas or atmospheric air),6.4.2.3 The anticipated or known contaminant(s) containedin the sample,6.4.2.4 Whether the contaminant is present in a pure form ora mixture, and6.4.2.5 The preferred method of sample shipment (forexample, ground transportation versus overnight air t
47、ranspor-tation).6.4.3 Once selected, the proper shipping name is used by theshipper to obtain the following information from the appropri-ate shipping regulations:6.4.3.1 The corresponding UN number,6.4.3.2 Correct sample packaging (inner and outer packag-ing),6.4.3.3 Required package labels and mar
48、kings,6.4.3.4 Restrictions on sample volumes per package,6.4.3.5 Applicable exceptions for small quantity shipments(see Note 3), and6.4.3.6 Available shipping options (for example, passengerversus cargo aircraft).NOTE 3In some cases, very small quantities of dangerous goods maybe transported in such
49、 a manner that they may be excepted from themarking, labeling and documentation requirements of dangerous orhazardous materials. Actual definitions of excepted small quantities varyby hazard class, carrier and, in some circumstances, by state. Typically,shipments under these exceptions do require the use of DOT or IATAaccepted packaging, and the package must be appropriately marked andlabeled as specified by the regulations being followed. For example, smallquantity exceptions exist for corrosive liquids (Class 8, Packing Groups IIand III) which can be applied when shi
