1、Designation: D6913 04 (Reapproved 2009)1D6913/D6913M 17Standard Test Methods forParticle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using SieveAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6913;D6913/D6913M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorially corrected Eq 1 in July 2014.INTRODUCTIONAlthough this test meth
3、od has been used for many years, there are vast testing variations requireddue to soil types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected.Multiple procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures arenot new, they will now be defi
4、ned and explained. Some examples of these new terms are compositesieving, designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority ofconditions and procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The tableof contents in the Scope section is added
5、to enable the user to easily find a specific topic orrequirement. Only sections/subsections with titles are presented.Therefore, numbered subsections willnot be continuous in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.1. Scope1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. This test
6、 method is used to separate particles into size ranges andto determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size distribution(gradation). This test method uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil betwe
7、en the 3-in. (75-mm)and No. 200 (75-m) sieves.1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably throughout the standard.1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm) sieve is required,needed, Test Method D5519 may beused.1.4 In cases where the gradation of particl
8、es smaller than No. 200 (75-m) sieve is required,needed, Test Method D422D7928may be used.1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is applicable.Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve)
9、and equal to or less than 9.5 mm (38-in sieve),then either single-set sieving or composite sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is equal to or greater than19.0 mm (34-in sieve), composite sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.1.6 Two test methods are provided
10、 in this standard. The methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of thespecimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall beperformed.1.6.1 Method AThe percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to
11、 the nearest 1 %. This method must be usedwhen performing composite sieving. For cases of disputes, Method A is the referee method.1.6.2 Method BThe percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is onlyapplicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the
12、maximum particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procurement of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained usingappropriate methods and is representative.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit
13、tee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved July 1, 2009April 15, 2017. Published August 2009May 2017. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asD6
14、913 04(2009)21. DOI: 10.1520/D6913-04R09E01.10.1520/D6913-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all cha
15、nges accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. U
16、nited States11.8 Sample ProcessingThree procedures (moist, air dry, and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain aspecimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range of particlesizes, the initial conditions of the mater
17、ial, the plasticity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testing on the sample.The procedure may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section 10 shall be followed.1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days to complete, depending
18、on the type and size of the sample and soiltype.1.10 This test method is not applicable for the following soils:1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change in particle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organic solvents,
19、 oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Suchextraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving procedures.1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components, such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.1.11 This test method may not produce consistent test results w
20、ithin and between laboratories for the following soils and theprecision statement does not apply to them.1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes change the gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils are someresidual soils, most weathered shales and some weakly cemented soils
21、such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconitic clays or some dried plastic clays.1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted, or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on thedesign considerations, a specialized grada
22、tion-testing program could be performed. The alterations could require the washing andsieving procedures to be standardized such that each specimen would be processed in a similar manner.1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up of particles may be tested using this method. However, th
23、e applicablesections above should be used in applying this standard.1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data are colle
24、cted/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The proceduresused do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any
25、 considerations for the usersobjectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with theseconsiderations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineeringdesign.1.14 Un
26、itsThe dimensional values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as 200-mmor 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance withPractice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200, instead of
27、the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 m, respectively. Only the SI unitsare used for mass determinations, calculations, and reported results. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds ofmass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.15 A summary of the symbols
28、used in this test method is given in Annex A1.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regul
29、atorylimitations prior to use.1.17 Table of ContentsAll tables and figures appear at the end of this standard.SectionScope 1Method A 1.6.1Method B 1.6.2Sample Processing 1.8Units 1.14Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1Terminology 3General 3.1Definitions 3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to ThisS
30、tandard3.3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Sieves 6.1Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-m) 6.1.2Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3D6913/D6913M 172Balances 6.4Drying Oven 6.5Sieving Containers 6.6Speci
31、men Containers 6.6.1Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3Sieve Brushes 6.7Miscellaneous Items 6.8Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle(optional)6.11Low Temperature Drying Oven(optional)6.12Ultrasonic Wate
32、r Bath (optional) 6.13Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14Reagents 7Dispersant 7.1Sodium Hexametaphosphate 7.1Dry Addition 7.1.1.1Solution 7.1.1.2Preparation of Apparatus 8Verification of Sieves 8.1Verification Interval 8.1.1Verification of Mechanical Sieve ShakerandStandard Shaking Period8.2Large Mech
33、anical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1Verification Interval 8.2.2Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3Sampling 9General 9.1Sample Sources 9.2Bulk Samples 9.2.1Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2Undisturbed Tube Samples 9.2.3Intact Tube Samples 9.2.3Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4Specimen 10General 10.1Minimum Mass Req
34、uirement 10.2Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1Composite Sieving 10.3.2Specimen Procurement 10.4Moist Procedure 10.4.1Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4Specimen Procurement and ProcessingRequirements10.5Moist Pr
35、ocedure, Single Sieve-SetSieving10.5.1Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss(CPL)10.5.2.3Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving10.5.4Air-Dried Procedure, CompositeSieving10.5.5Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6Oven-Dried Pr
36、ocedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving10.5.7Oven-Dried Procedure, CompositeSieving10.5.8Procedure (Sieving) 11General 11.1Mass Measurements 11.2Sieve Overloading 11.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4Specimen Mass 11.4.1Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1Soaking with a Dispersant 1
37、1.4.2.2Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3Washing Specimen 11.4.3General Precautions 11.4.3.1D6913/D6913M 173Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2Washing 11.4.3.3Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4Dry Sieving 11.4.4Sieve Set 11.4.4.1Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5First Sie
38、ve 11.4.5.1Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5Coarser Portion 11.5.1Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2Dispersing and WashingSubspecimen11.5.2.1Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2Composite Sieving, Doubl
39、e Separation 11.6Separating 1st Subspecimen 11.6.1Dispersing and Washing 2nd CoarserPortion11.6.2Dry Sieving 2nd Coarser Portion 11.6.32nd Subspecimen 11.6.4Dispersing and Washing 2ndSubspecimen11.6.4.1Dry Sieving 2nd Subspecimen 11.6.4.2Calculations 12General 12.1Sieve Overloading 12.2Single Sieve-
40、Set Sieving, PercentPassing12.3Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion(CP)12.5.1CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1CP, Composite Sieving CorrectionFactor (CSCF)12.5.1.2CP, Acceptable Loss DuringWashingand Sieving12.5.1.3Composite S
41、ieving, Subspecimen(finerportion)12.5.2Percent Passing, Specimen(combinedcoarser and finer portions)12.5.2.1Subspecimen, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.5.2.2Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.5.2.3Finer Portion, Percent Passing(optional)12.5.3Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.61st
42、Coarser Portion 12.6.11st Subspecimen 12.6.2Percent Passing, 2nd CoarserPortion12.6.2.12nd Coarser Portion, CompositeSievingCorrection Factor (2ndCSCF)12.6.2.22nd Coarser Portion, AcceptableLoss onSieving and Washing12.6.2.32nd Coarser Portion, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.6.2.4Percent Pas
43、sing, AcceptanceCriterion12.6.2.52nd Subspecimen 12.6.3Percent Passing, 2nd Subspecimen 12.6.3.12nd Subspecimen, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.6.3.2Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.6.3.3D6913/D6913M 1741st Finer Portion, Percent Passing(optional)12.6.42nd Finer Portion, CompositeSievi
44、ngCorrection Factor (optional)12.6.4.12nd Finer Portion, Percent Passingfor2nd Subspecimen (optional)12.6.4.2Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1Calculation of Precision 14.1.2Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4Triplicate Test Precision Dat
45、a (TTPD) 14.1.3TTPD Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD-Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1STPD-Method B Reproduci
46、bility 14.1.4.2Soils Type 14.1.5Discussion on Precision 14.1.6Bias 14.2Keywords 15ANNEXESSymbols Annex A1Sample to Specimen Splitting/ReductionMethodsAnnex A2General A2.1Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1Quartering A2.1.2Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3Sample Processing RecommendationBasedon Soil TypeA2
47、.2Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and CleanSand(SW, SP)A2.2.1Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)A2.2.2Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,SM)A2.2.3Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or ClayFines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)A2.2.4Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both(ML,MH)A2.2.5Organic Soils with Sand o
48、r Gravel, orBoth (OL, OH)A2.2.6APPENDIXESExample Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1General X1.1Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2General X2.1TABLES and FIGURES1.18 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablishe
49、d in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesC702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (Withdrawn 2016)4D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or conta
