1、Designation: D 6913 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Methods forParticle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using SieveAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6913; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAlthough this test method has been used for many years, there are vast testing variations requir
3、eddue to soil types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected.Multiple procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures arenot new, they will now be defined and explained. Some examples of these new terms are compositesieving,
4、 designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority ofconditions and procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The tableof contents in the Scope section is added to enable the user to easily find a specific topic orrequirement. Only se
5、ctions/subsections with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections willnot be continuous in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.1. Scope1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes.This test method is used to separate particles into size rangesand to determine qu
6、antitatively the mass of particles in eachrange. These data are combined to determine the particle-sizedistribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open-ing sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil betweenthe 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-m) sieves.1.2 The terms, soils and ma
7、terial, are used interchangeablythroughout the standard.1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in.(75 mm) sieve is required, Test Method D 5519 may be used.1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller thanNo. 200 (75-m) sieve is required, Test Method D 4222may beused.1.
8、5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to orless than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving isapplicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size isgreater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5mm (38-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or compositesiev
9、ing is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size isequal to or greater than 19.0 mm (34-in sieve), compositesieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. Themethods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size ofthe speci
10、men (mass) required. The method to be used may bespecified by the requesting authority; otherwise MethodAshallbe performed.1.6.1 Method AThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must beused when performing composite sieving. For cases of dis-putes,
11、Method A is the referee method.1.6.2 Method BThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is onlyapplicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximumparticle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.7 This test method does not
12、 cover, in any detail, procure-ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtainedusing appropriate methods and is representative.1.8 Sample ProcessingThree procedures (moist, air dry,and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain aspecimen. The procedure selected will depend o
13、n the type ofsample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range ofparticle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-ity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testingon the sample. The procedure may be specified by therequesting authority; otherwise the gui
14、dance given in Section10 shall be followed.1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days tocomplete, depending on the type and size of the sample andsoil type.1.10 This test method is not applicable for the followingsoils:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 o
15、n Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 6913 04e2.2Currently Subcommittee D1
16、8.03 is preparing a new test method (HydrometerAnalysis or Combined Sieve and Hydrometer Analysis) to replace D 422.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change inparticle size
17、 during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organicsolvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Suchextraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving proce-dures.1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components,such as cem
18、ent, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.1.11 This test method may not produce consistent testresults within and between laboratories for the following soilsand the precision statement does not apply to them.1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes changethe gradation of the
19、soil. Typical examples of these soils aresome residual soils, most weathered shales and some weaklycemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconiticclays or some dried plastic clays.1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be
20、adapted,or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on thedesign considerations, a specialized gradation-testing programcould be performed. The alterations could require the washingand sieving procedures to be standardized such that eachspecimen would be processed in a similar manner.1.1
21、2 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up ofparticles may be tested using this method. However, theapplicable sections above should be used in applying thisstandard.1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPra
22、ctice D 6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data arecollected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regardedas the industry standard. In addition, they are representative ofthe significant digits that generally should be retained. Theprocedure
23、s used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof
24、 these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering design.1.14 UnitsThe dimensional values stated in either SI unitsor inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designationsare typically identifie
25、d using the “alternative” system inaccordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200,instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 m,respectively. Only the SI units are used for mass determina-tions, calculations and reported results. However, the use ofbalances or scales recording pounds o
26、f mass (lbm) shall not beregarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method isgiven in Annex A1.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this sta
27、ndard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.17 Table of ContentsAll tables and figures appear at theend of this standard.SectionScope 1Method A 1.6.1Method B 1.6.2Sample Processing 1.8Units 1.14Referenced Docum
28、ents 2ASTM Standards 2.1Terminology 3General 3.1Definitions 3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Sieves 6.1Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-m) 6.1.2Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3Washing Sink with Spray Nozz
29、le 6.2Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3Balances 6.4Drying Oven 6.5Sieving Containers 6.6Specimen Containers 6.6.1Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3Sieve Brushes 6.7Miscellaneous Items 6.8Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10Mortar and Rubb
30、er-Covered Pestle (optional) 6.11Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional) 6.12Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14Reagents 7Dispersant 7.1Dry Addition 7.1.1.1Solution 7.1.1.2Preparation of Apparatus 8Verification of Sieves 8.1Verification Interval 8.1.1Verification of
31、 Mechanical Sieve Shaker andStandard Shaking Period8.2Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1Verification Interval 8.2.2Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3Sampling 9General 9.1Sample Sources 9.2Bulk Samples 9.2.1Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2Undisturbed Tube Samples 9.2.3Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4
32、Specimen 10General 10.1Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1Composite Sieving 10.3.2Specimen Procurement 10.4Moist Procedure 10.4.1Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4Specimen Procurement
33、 and Processing Requirements10.5Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.1Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss (CPL) 10.5.2.3Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3D 6913 04 (2009)2Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.4Air-Dried Procedure, Composite
34、 Sieving 10.5.5Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.7Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.8Procedure (Sieving) 11General 11.1Mass Measurements 11.2Sieve Overloading 11.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4Specimen Mass 11.4.1Specimen Dispersion 11.
35、4.2Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3Washing Specimen 11.4.3General Precautions 11.4.3.1Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2Washing 11.4.3.3Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4Dry Sieving 11.4.4Sieve Set 11.4.4.1Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4
36、.2Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5First Sieve 11.4.5.1Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5Coarser Portion 11.5.1Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2Dispersing and Washing Subspecimen 11.5.2.1Dry
37、 Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6Separating 1stSubspecimen 11.6.1Dispersing and Washing 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.2Dry Sieving 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.32ndSubspecimen 11.6.4Dispersing and Washing 2ndSubspecimen 11.6.4.1Dry Sieving 2ndSubspecimen 11.6.4.2Calculation
38、s 12General 12.1Sieve Overloading 12.2Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent Passing 12.3Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion (CP) 12.5.1CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1CP, Composite Sieving CorrectionFactor (CSCF)12.5.1.2CP, Acce
39、ptable Loss During Washingand Sieving12.5.1.3Composite Sieving, Subspecimen (finerportion)12.5.2Percent Passing, Specimen (combinedcoarser and finer portions)12.5.2.1Subspecimen, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.5.2.2Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.5.2.3Finer Portion, Percent Passing
40、 (optional) 12.5.3Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.61stCoarser Portion 12.6.11stSubspecimen 12.6.2Percent Passing, 2ndCoarser Portion 12.6.2.12ndCoarser Portion, Composite SievingCorrection Factor (2ndCSCF)12.6.2.22ndCoarser Portion, Acceptable Loss onSieving and Washing12.6.2.32ndCoarser Por
41、tion, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.6.2.4Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.2.52ndSubspecimen 12.6.3Percent Passing, 2ndSubspecimen 12.6.3.12ndSubspecimen, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.6.3.2Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.3.31stFiner Portion, Percent Passing (
42、optional) 12.6.42ndFiner Portion, Composite SievingCorrection Factor (optional)12.6.4.12ndFiner Portion, Percent Passing for2ndSubspecimen (optional)12.6.4.2Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1Calculation of Precision 14.1.2Acceptance
43、 Criterion 14.1.2.4Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3TTPDMethod A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1STPD-Method
44、B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2Soils Type 14.1.5Discussion on Precision 14.1.6Bias 14.2Keywords 15ANNEXESSymbols Annex A1Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Methods Annex A2General A2.1Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1Quartering A2.1.2Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3Sample Processing Recommendation Based
45、on Soil TypeA2.2Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and Clean Sand(SW, SP)A2.2.1Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)A2.2.2Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,SM)A2.2.3Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or ClayFines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)A2.2.4Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both (ML,MH)A2.2.5Organic S
46、oils with Sand or Gravel, orBoth (OL, OH)A2.2.6APPENDIXESExample Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1General X1.1Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2General X2.1TABLES and FIGURES2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC 702 Pr
47、actice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1140 Te
48、st Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
49、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D 6913 04 (2009)3ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineerin
