1、Designation: D 6913 04e1Standard Test Methods forParticle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using SieveAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6913; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial corrections were made throughout in January 2005.INTRODUCTIONAlthough this test method has been used for ma
3、ny years, there are vast testing variations requireddue to soil types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected.Multiple procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures arenot new, they will now be defined and explained. Some
4、 examples of these new terms are compositesieving, designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority ofconditions and procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The tableof contents in the Scope section is added to enable the user to e
5、asily find a specific topic orrequirement. Only sections/subsections with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections willnot be continuous in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.1. Scope1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes.This test method is used to sepa
6、rate particles into size rangesand to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in eachrange. These data are combined to determine the particle-sizedistribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open-ing sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil betweenthe 3-in. (75-mm) and
7、 No. 200 (75-m) sieves.1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeablythroughout the standard.1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in.(75 mm) sieve is required, Test Method D 5519 may be used.1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller thanNo. 200 (75-m)
8、sieve is required, Test Method D 4222may beused.1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to orless than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving isapplicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size isgreater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5mm (38-in sieve
9、), then either single-set sieving or compositesieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size isequal to or greater than 19.0 mm (34-in sieve), compositesieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. Themethods differ in the si
10、gnificant digits recorded and the size ofthe specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may bespecified by the requesting authority; otherwise MethodAshallbe performed.1.6.1 Method AThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must beused when perf
11、orming composite sieving. For cases of dis-putes, Method A is the referee method.1.6.2 Method BThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is onlyapplicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximumparticle size is equal to or less than the N
12、o. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procure-ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtainedusing appropriate methods and is representative.1.8 Sample ProcessingThree procedures (moist, air dry,and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obta
13、in aspecimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type ofsample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range ofparticle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-ity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testingon the sample. The procedure may be speci
14、fied by therequesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section10 shall be followed.1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days tocomplete, depending on the type and size of the sample andsoil type.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRoc
15、k and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity,and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published September 2004.2Currently Subcommittee D18.03 is preparing a new test method (HydrometerAnalysis or Combined Sieve and Hydrometer Ana
16、lysis) to replace D 422.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.10 This test method is not applicable for the followingsoils:1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change inparticle size during the drying, washing,
17、or sieving procedure.1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organicsolvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Suchextraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving proce-dures.1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components,such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other
18、stabilization admixtures.1.11 This test method may not produce consistent testresults within and between laboratories for the following soilsand the precision statement does not apply to them.1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes changethe gradation of the soil. Typical examples of the
19、se soils aresome residual soils, most weathered shales and some weaklycemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconiticclays or some dried plastic clays.1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted,or altered, and these
20、 alterations documented. Depending on thedesign considerations, a specialized gradation-testing programcould be performed. The alterations could require the washingand sieving procedures to be standardized such that eachspecimen would be processed in a similar manner.1.12 Some materials that are not
21、 soils, but are made up ofparticles may be tested using this method. However, theapplicable sections above should be used in applying thisstandard.1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026, unless supersed
22、ed by this test method.1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data arecollected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regardedas the industry standard. In addition, they are representative ofthe significant digits that generally should be retained. Theprocedures used do not consider materi
23、al variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consid
24、er significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering design.1.14 UnitsThe dimensional values stated in either SI unitsor inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designationsare typically identified using the “alternative” sys
25、tem inaccordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200,instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 m,respectively. Only the SI units are used for mass determina-tions, calculations and reported results. However, the use ofbalances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not berega
26、rded as nonconformance with this standard.1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method isgiven in Annex A1.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
27、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.17 Table of ContentsAll tables and figures appear at theend of this standard.SectionScope 1Method A 1.6.1Method B 1.6.2Sample Processing 1.8Units 1.14Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1Termi
28、nology 3General 3.1Definitions 3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Sieves 6.1Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-m) 6.1.2Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2Mechanical Sieve Shaker
29、 6.3Balances 6.4Drying Oven 6.5Sieving Containers 6.6Specimen Containers 6.6.1Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3Sieve Brushes 6.7Miscellaneous Items 6.8Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle (optional)
30、6.11Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional) 6.12Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14Reagents 7Dispersant 7.1Dry Addition 7.1.1.1Solution 7.1.1.2Preparation of Apparatus 8Verification of Sieves 8.1Verification Interval 8.1.1Verification of Mechanical Sieve Shaker andS
31、tandard Shaking Period8.2Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1Verification Interval 8.2.2Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3Sampling 9General 9.1Sample Sources 9.2Bulk Samples 9.2.1Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2Undisturbed Tube Samples 9.2.3Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4Specimen 10General 10.1Minimu
32、m Mass Requirement 10.2Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1Composite Sieving 10.3.2Specimen Procurement 10.4Moist Procedure 10.4.1Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4Specimen Procurement and Processing Requirements1
33、0.5Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.1Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss (CPL) 10.5.2.3Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.4D691304e12Air-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.5Oven-Dried Procedure,
34、 General 10.5.6Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.7Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.8Procedure (Sieving) 11General 11.1Mass Measurements 11.2Sieve Overloading 11.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4Specimen Mass 11.4.1Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4
35、.2.1Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3Washing Specimen 11.4.3General Precautions 11.4.3.1Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2Washing 11.4.3.3Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4Dry Sieving 11.4.4Sieve Set 11.4.4.1Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2Cumulative Material/Mass Retained
36、11.4.5First Sieve 11.4.5.1Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5Coarser Portion 11.5.1Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2Dispersing and Washing Subspecimen 11.5.2.1Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2Composi
37、te Sieving, Double Separation 11.6Separating 1stSubspecimen 11.6.1Dispersing and Washing 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.2Dry Sieving 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.32ndSubspecimen 11.6.4Dispersing and Washing 2ndSubspecimen 11.6.4.1Dry Sieving 2ndSubspecimen 11.6.4.2Calculations 12General 12.1Sieve Overloading 12
38、.2Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent Passing 12.3Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion (CP) 12.5.1CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1CP, Composite Sieving CorrectionFactor (CSCF)12.5.1.2CP, Acceptable Loss During Washingand Sievin
39、g12.5.1.3Composite Sieving, Subspecimen (finerportion)12.5.2Percent Passing, Specimen (combinedcoarser and finer portions)12.5.2.1Subspecimen, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.5.2.2Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.5.2.3Finer Portion, Percent Passing (optional) 12.5.3Composite Sieving,
40、 Double Separation 12.61stCoarser Portion 12.6.11stSubspecimen 12.6.2Percent Passing, 2ndCoarser Portion 12.6.2.12ndCoarser Portion, Composite SievingCorrection Factor (2ndCSCF)12.6.2.22ndCoarser Portion, Acceptable Loss onSieving and Washing12.6.2.32ndCoarser Portion, Acceptable FractionalPercent R
41、etained12.6.2.4Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.2.52ndSubspecimen 12.6.3Percent Passing, 2ndSubspecimen 12.6.3.12ndSubspecimen, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.6.3.2Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.3.31stFiner Portion, Percent Passing (optional) 12.6.42ndFiner Portion, Co
42、mposite SievingCorrection Factor (optional)12.6.4.12ndFiner Portion, Percent Passing for2ndSubspecimen (optional)12.6.4.2Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1Calculation of Precision 14.1.2Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4Triplicate Test P
43、recision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3TTPDMethod A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1STPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2Soils Type
44、 14.1.5Discussion on Precision 14.1.6Bias 14.2Keywords 15ANNEXESSymbols Annex A1Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Methods Annex A2General A2.1Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1Quartering A2.1.2Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3Sample Processing Recommendation Basedon Soil TypeA2.2Clean Gravel (GW, GP
45、) and Clean Sand(SW, SP)A2.2.1Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)A2.2.2Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,SM)A2.2.3Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or ClayFines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)A2.2.4Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both (ML,MH)A2.2.5Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, orBoth (OL
46、, OH)A2.2.6APPENDIXESExample Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1General X1.1Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2General X2.1TABLES and FIGURES2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregateC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggreg
47、ate toTesting SizeD 422 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft/lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1140 Test Method for Amount of Material in
48、Soils FinerThan the No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft/lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B
49、ook of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D691304e13D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4318 Test Method
