1、Designation: D 6932/D 6932M 08Standard Guide forMaterials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction CoursePlant Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6932/D 6932M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use
3、specificationsshould be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as aminimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and pavingmaterials.1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed asthe final wearing course for highways and
4、 airfields.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-confo
5、rmancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 29/C 29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC 127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), a
6、nd Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC 131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineC 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of F
7、ine and CoarseAggregatesC 1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content ofFine Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, SurfaceTexture, and Grading)D75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road andBridge C
8、onstructionD 946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Ce-ment for Use in Pavement ConstructionD 1461 Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates inBituminous Paving MixturesD 2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils andFine AggregateD 2995 Practice for Estimating Application
9、Rate of Bitumi-nous DistributorsD 3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cementfor Use in Pavement ConstructionD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD 4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,or Flat and El
10、ongated Particles in Coarse AggregateD 5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage ofFractured Particles in Coarse AggregateD6114 Specification for Asphalt-Rubber BinderD 6307 Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix As-phalt by Ignition MethodD 6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphal
11、tBinderD 6390 Test Method for Determination of Draindown Char-acteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt MixturesD 7064 Practice for Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC)Mix Design2.2 Other References:TRB NCHRP Synthesis 284 Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course MixesNCAT Report No. 2001-01 Design,
12、 Construction and Per-formance of New Generation Open-Graded FrictionCoursesFAA-RD-73-197FAA-RD-74-381This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.23 onPlant-Mixed Bituminous Surfaces and Bases.Current edi
13、tion approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 6932 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
14、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 open-graded friction course (OGFC), nspecial
15、 typeof hot mix asphalt surface mixture used for reducing hydro-planing and potential for skidding, where the function of themixture is to provide a free-draining layer that permits surfacewater to migrate laterally through the mixture to the edge of thepavement.3.1.1.1 DiscussionExample gradings ca
16、n be found inAppendix X1.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers withthe design requirements and construction guidelines for pavingan Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. AnOGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance andwear resistance of
17、 a bituminous pavement by providing anescape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load.The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fineaggregate particles and high air void content to provide apassageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain awayfrom the travelway. The f
18、ilm thickness of the asphalt andoverall asphalt content is important for better stripping resis-tance and durability and aging properties.NOTE 1OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavementinterface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence andseverity of reflective cracking.5. Ty
19、pes of Specification Information5.1 Contract documentation for bituminous OGFC typicallyincludes the following information:5.1.1 Type of asphalt (for example, asphalt cement, polymermodified asphalt, asphalt rubber) and specification designation;5.1.2 Grade of asphalt;5.1.3 Quantity of asphalt requi
20、red;5.1.4 Type of aggregate (for example, crushed stone,crushed gravel, crushed slag, gravel, slag) specification desig-nation;5.1.5 Aggregate quality requirements (for example, coarseaggregate angularity, fine aggregate angularity, L.A. abrasion,soundness, water absorption, sand equivalent);5.1.6 S
21、ize or sizes of aggregate to be furnished;5.1.7 Quantity of additive, or anti-stripping agent, or both;5.1.8 Quantity of open-graded mix; and5.1.9 Special requirements.6. Aggregate6.1 Aggregate shall conform to Classification D 448 exceptwhere noted in this guide.6.2 SizeAggregate should be as close
22、 to one size as iseconomically practical, preferably in the range of 12.5 to 4.75mm 12 in. to No. 4, for OGFC with up to 25 mm 1.0 in. incompacted thickness.6.3 ShapeThe ideal shape is cubical or angular. Toachieve adequate angularity it is suggested that the coarseaggregate have at least 95 % one-f
23、ractured face and 90 %two-fractured face as measured by Test Method D 5821.Tohelp achieve a more cubical shape it is suggested that thecoarse aggregate maximum amount of flat or elongated par-ticles as measured by Test Method D 4791 not exceed 10 %with a ratio of 5 to 1 in maximum dimension to minim
24、umdimension. Rounded particles are not acceptable. The uncom-pacted void content (fine aggregate angularity-FAA) as mea-sured by Test Methods C 1252 should be 40 % or greater.6.4 CleanlinessIt is important that the aggregate be clean.The sand equivalent value of the fine aggregate passing the2.36 mm
25、 No. 8 sieve according to Test Method D 2419should be at least 45 % or greater. It is recommended that thematerial to be tested be separated on the 2.36 mm No. 8 sievebecause of the coarse grading of the aggregate. It is also veryimportant to remove any coatings or fines adhering to thecoarse materi
26、al.7. Asphalt Binder7.1 Asphalt cement shall conform to Specifications D 946,D 3381,orD 6373.7.2 When modified asphalt is used, it shall conform toSpecification D 6373.7.3 When asphalt-rubber is used, it shall conform to Speci-fication D6114.NOTE 2The asphalt type and grade to be used depends on the
27、 type ofconstruction, climatic conditions, amount and nature of traffic.8. Composition of Open-Graded Mixtures8.1 The asphalt content shall be determined in accordancewith the owners selection method or Practice D 7064.8.2 The asphalt cement open-graded mixture will typicallyconsist of 93 to 95 % ag
28、gregate and 5 to 7 % asphalt by weightof total mixture.8.3 The modified asphalt open-graded mixture typicallyconsists of 92 to 94 percent aggregate and 6 to 8 % modifiedasphalt by weight of total mixture.8.4 The asphalt-rubber open-graded mixture typically con-sists of 90 to 91.5 percent aggregate a
29、nd 8.5 to 10 %asphalt-rubber by weight of total mixture.NOTE 3Due to the open-graded nature of the mixture it may beadvisable to add 1 to 2 % cement or hydrated lime or a suitableanti-stripping agent to prevent stripping.NOTE 4The selected asphalt content should be checked by perform-ing a suitable
30、asphalt draindown test such as Test Method D 6390.Draindown may be reduced by using cellulose or mineral fiber. Typicallythe dosage is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 % by mixture mass as per the mixdesign procedure test results. Polymer modified asphalt or asphalt-rubbermixes may not require fiber addit
31、ives to obtain good performance orcontrol draindown.9. Production and Placement9.1 Bituminous OGFC should not be placed during periodsof cold or wet weather, or both. The existing surface shall bewarm, clean, and dry while paving the OGFC.9.1.1 Typically the minimum air temperature should be16C 60F
32、in the shade and rising and the minimum surfacetemperature should be 21C 70F in the shade and risingbefore starting the operation. Open-graded mixtures placed12.5 mm 0.5 in. to 25 mm 1.0 in. in thickness will cool veryrapidly and thus a higher minimum air and surface temperaturemay be advisable. Thu
33、s the specifying agency in setting theD 6932/D 6932M 082minimum air and surface temperature should consider theirnormal good paving practices and as a minimum the operationshould not be permitted when the temperature falls below suchnormal agency temperature thresholds.NOTE 5The specifying organizat
34、ion may want to consider setting ordesignating paving seasons to ensure optimal paving conditions.9.1.2 The operation should not be carried out in the rain, orwhen rain is threatening.9.1.3 The open-graded mixture should be placed as the finalsurface course with its edges exposed to ensure free drai
35、ning atthe edges. If it is placed in a curb and gutter section, it shouldbe placed above the gutter.9.1.4 The open-graded mixture is not a structural pavementlayer and thus should not be expected to correct obviouspavement structural defects such as potholes or weak underly-ing pavement or foundatio
36、n support. Some caution should beexercised in placing this mix on a surface that might bepermeable or a cracked surface that would allow water to enter.10. Method of Sampling and Testing10.1 Calibrate bituminous distributors for proper applica-tion rate for tack coat using Practice D 2995.10.2 Sampl
37、e bituminous materials according to PracticeD 140 and test for conformance with the designated specifica-tion according to test methods indicated in that specification.10.3 Sample all aggregates according to Practice D75. Testthe aggregate according to the test methods listed in 6.3 and6.4, accordin
38、g to the following test methods, as necessary.10.3.1 Bulk Density of AggregatesTest Method C 29/C 29M.10.3.2 Sulfate SoundnessTest Method C88.10.3.3 Specific Gravity and AbsorptionTest MethodC 127 or C 128 as applicable.10.3.4 Resistance to DegradationTest Method C 131.10.3.5 Sieve AnalysisTest Meth
39、od C 136.10.4 Samples of the open-graded mix should be taken at thediscretion of the engineer and tested for asphalt binder contentusing Test Method D 6307 and/or moisture content using TestMethod D 1461 or by using methods as approved by theengineer.10.5 Cores should be taken at the discretion of t
40、he engineerto verify the thickness of the open-graded mix.11. Construction Procedure11.1 Patch potholes, fill cracks, and repair damaged areas inexisting pavements.11.2 The surface to be covered should be cleaned withrotary broom or other approved means.11.3 A tack coat should be applied to the pave
41、d surfacebefore placement of the open-graded friction course.NOTE 6For asphalt-rubber open-graded mixtures, the tack coat istypically a paving grade liquid asphalt applied at the rate of 0.4 L/m20.08gal/yd2.11.4 The temperature of the asphalt cement open-gradedmixture during compaction should be at
42、least 93C 200F.11.5 The temperature of the modified asphalt cement open-graded mixture during compaction should be in the range of 93to 135C 200 to 275F.NOTE 7It is advised that the supplier of the modified asphalt binder beconsulted for the proper mixing and compaction temperature ranges to beused
43、in the field.11.6 The temperature of the asphalt-rubber open-gradedmixture during compaction should be at least 135C 275F.11.7 Compact the OGFC by using self-propelled rollers,either steel wheel or pneumatic, in the non-vibratory modefollowing immediately behind the laydown machine.NOTE 8For asphalt
44、-rubber open-graded mixtures, only steel wheeledrollers should be used for compaction, due to the high probability forparticle pick-up by pneumatic tired rollers.NOTE 9The compaction equipment and method of rolling should beselected and done in a manner that it does not fracture the aggregate ordama
45、ge the mix.11.8 It may be advisable to place a test section to determinean adequate rolling pattern (typically 2 to 3 passes) and toensure adequate compaction.12. Keywords12.1 asphalt cement; asphalt rubber; modified asphalt ce-ment; open-graded friction courseD 6932/D 6932M 083APPENDIX(Nonmandatory
46、 Information)X1. OGFC MIXTURE DESIGNSASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the ri
47、skof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of th
48、is standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake
49、 your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE X1.1 Summary of 9.5 mm “ in. Open-Graded Friction Course Mixture De
